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PROLOG | NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | OPERANDS | STDIN | INPUT FILES | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS | STDOUT | STDERR | OUTPUT FILES | EXTENDED DESCRIPTION | EXIT STATUS | CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS | APPLICATION USAGE | EXAMPLES | RATIONALE | FUTURE DIRECTIONS | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT |
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PWD(1P) POSIX Programmer's Manual PWD(1P)
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The
Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the
corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or
the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
pwd — return working directory name
pwd [-L|-P]
The pwd utility shall write to standard output an absolute
pathname of the current working directory, which does not contain
the filenames dot or dot-dot.
The pwd utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported by the implementation:
-L If the PWD environment variable contains an absolute
pathname of the current directory and the pathname does
not contain any components that are dot or dot-dot, pwd
shall write this pathname to standard output, except
that if the PWD environment variable is longer than
{PATH_MAX} bytes including the terminating null, it is
unspecified whether pwd writes this pathname to standard
output or behaves as if the -P option had been
specified. Otherwise, the -L option shall behave as the
-P option.
-P The pathname written to standard output shall not
contain any components that refer to files of type
symbolic link. If there are multiple pathnames that the
pwd utility could write to standard output, one
beginning with a single <slash> character and one or
more beginning with two <slash> characters, then it
shall write the pathname beginning with a single <slash>
character. The pathname shall not contain any
unnecessary <slash> characters after the leading one or
two <slash> characters.
If both -L and -P are specified, the last one shall apply. If
neither -L nor -P is specified, the pwd utility shall behave as if
-L had been specified.
None.
Not used.
None.
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
pwd:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables the precedence of
internationalization variables used to determine the
values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values
of all the other internationalization variables.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages written to
standard error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the
processing of LC_MESSAGES.
PWD An absolute pathname of the current working directory.
If an application sets or unsets the value of PWD, the
behavior of pwd is unspecified.
Default.
The pwd utility output is an absolute pathname of the current
working directory:
"%s\n", <directory pathname>
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
None.
None.
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
If an error is detected, output shall not be written to standard
output, a diagnostic message shall be written to standard error,
and the exit status is not zero.
The following sections are informative.
If the pathname obtained from pwd is longer than {PATH_MAX} bytes,
it could produce an error if passed to cd. Therefore, in order to
return to that directory it may be necessary to break the pathname
into sections shorter than {PATH_MAX} and call cd on each section
in turn (the first section being an absolute pathname and
subsequent sections being relative pathnames).
None.
Some implementations have historically provided pwd as a shell
special built-in command.
In most utilities, if an error occurs, partial output may be
written to standard output. This does not happen in historical
implementations of pwd. Because pwd is frequently used in
historical shell scripts without checking the exit status, it is
important that the historical behavior is required here;
therefore, the CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS section specifically
disallows any partial output being written to standard output.
An earlier version of this standard stated that the PWD
environment variable was affected when the -P option was in
effect. This was incorrect; conforming implementations do not do
this.
None.
cd(1p)
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 8,
Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017, getcwd(3p)
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic
form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information
Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The
Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright
(C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard,
the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee
document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page
are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of
the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2017 PWD(1P)
Pages that refer to this page: cd(1p), sh(1p)
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HTML rendering created 2025-09-06 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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