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groff_diff(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual groff_diff(7)
groff_diff - differences between GNU roff and AT&T troff
The GNU roff text processing system, groff, is an extension of
AT&T troff, the typesetting system originating in Unix systems of
the 1970s. groff removes many arbitrary limitations and adds
features, both to the input language and to the page description
language output by the troff formatter. Differences arising from
groff's implementation of AT&T troff features are also noted.
See roff(7) for background.
GNU troff features identifiers of arbitrary length; supports
color output, non-integral type sizes, and user-defined
characters; adds more conditional expression operators;
recognizes additional scaling units and numeric operators;
enables general file I/O (in “unsafe mode” only); and exposes
more formatter state.
Long names
GNU troff introduces many new requests; with three exceptions
(cp, do, rj), they have names longer than two characters. The
names of registers, fonts, strings/macros/diversions,
environments, special characters, character classes, streams, and
colors can be of any length. Anywhere AT&T troff supports a
parameterized escape sequence that uses an opening parenthesis
“(” to introduce a two-character argument, groff supports a
square-bracketed form “[]” where the argument within can be of
arbitrary length.
Font families, abstract styles, and translation
GNU troff can group text typefaces into families containing each
of the styles “R”, “I”, “B”, and “BI”. So that a document need
not be coupled to a specific font family, an output device can
associate a style in the abstract sense with a mounting position.
Thus the default family can be combined with a style dynamically,
producing a resolved font name. A document can translate, or
remap, font names with the ftr request.
Applying the requests cs, bd, tkf, uf, or fspecial to an abstract
style affects the member of the default family corresponding to
that style. The default family can be set with the fam request
or -f command-line option. The styles directive in the output
device's DESC file controls which mounting positions (if any) are
initially associated with abstract styles rather than fonts, and
the sty request can update this association.
Colors
groff supports color output with a variety of color spaces and up
to 16 bits per channel. Some devices, particularly terminals,
may be more limited. When color support is enabled, two colors
are current at any given time: the stroke color, with which
glyphs, rules (lines), and geometric figures are drawn, and the
fill color, which paints the interior of filled geometric
figures. The color, defcolor, gcolor, and fcolor requests; \m
and \M escape sequences; and .color, .m, and .M registers
exercise color support.
Hyphenation
GNU troff uses a hyphenation algorithm and language-specific
pattern files (based on those used in TeX) to decide which words
can be hyphenated and where. AT&T troff's hyphenation system
(“suftab”) was specific to English.
New requests permit finer control over hyphenation breaking;
hyphenation of a word might be suppressed due to a limit on
consecutive hyphenated lines (hlm), a minimum line length
threshold (hym), or because the line can instead be adjusted with
additional inter-word space (hys). A hyphenation language is
selected with the hla request and hyphenation patterns loaded (or
appended) with hpf (or hpfa). If no hyphenation language is set
or no patterns are loaded, GNU troff will not perform automatic
hyphenation. The hcode request assigns values to character codes
such that they can be handled consistently by the hyphenation
patterns, for instance by treating accented letters the same as
their unaccented counterparts.
GNU troff's \: escape sequence is analogous to the \% sequence
but produces no hyphen if the word breaks at that location.
Fractional type sizes and new scaling units
AT&T troff interpreted all type size measurements in points.
Combined with integer arithmetic, this design choice made it
impossible to support, for instance, ten and a half-point type.
In GNU troff, an output device can select a scaling factor that
subdivides a point into “scaled points”. A type size expressed
in scaled points can thus represent a non-integral size in
points.
A scaled point is equal to 1/sizescale points, where sizescale is
specified in the device description file, DESC, and defaults
to 1; see groff_font(5). Requests and escape sequences in GNU
troff interpret arguments that represent a type size in points,
which the formatter multiplies by sizescale and converts to an
integer. Arguments treated in this way comprise those to the
escape sequences \H and \s, to the request ps, the third argument
to the cs request, and the second and fourth arguments to the tkf
request. Scaled points may be specified explicitly with the z
scaling unit. In GNU troff, the register \n[.s] can interpolate
a non-integral type size. The register \n[.ps] interpolates the
type size in scaled points.
For example, if sizescale is 1000, then a scaled point is one
thousandth of a point. Consequently, “.ps 10.5” is synonymous
with “.ps 10.5z”; both set the type size to 10,500 scaled points,
or 10.5 points.
It makes no sense to use the “z” scaling unit in a numeric
expression whose default scaling unit is neither “u” nor “z”, so
GNU troff disallows this. Similarly, it is nonsensical to use a
scaling unit other than “z” or “u” in a numeric expression whose
default scaling unit is “z”, so GNU troff disallows this as well.
Another new scaling unit, “s”, multiplies by the number of basic
units in a scaled point. Thus, “\n[.ps]s” is equal to “1m” by
definition. Do not confuse the “s” and “z” scaling units.
Output devices may be limited in the type sizes they can employ.
For example, if a type size of 10.95 points is requested, and the
nearest size permitted by a sizes request (or by the sizes or
sizescale directives in the device's DESC file) is 11 points, the
output driver uses the latter value. The .s and .ps registers
represent the type size selected by the formatter as it
understands a device's capability. The last requested type size
is interpolated in scaled points by the read-only register .psr
and in points as a decimal fraction by the read-only string-
valued register .sr. Both are associated with the environment.
A further two new measurement units available in groff are “M”,
which indicates hundredths of an em, and “f”, which multiplies by
65,536. The latter provides convenient fractions for color
definitions with the defcolor request. For example, 0.5f equals
32768u.
Numeric expressions
GNU troff permits spaces in a numeric expression within
parentheses, and offers three new operators.
e1>?e2 Interpolate the greater of expressions e1 and e2.
e1<?e2 Interpolate the lesser of expressions e1 and e2.
(c;e) Evaluate expression e using c as the default scaling unit,
ignoring scaling units in e if c is empty.
Conditional expressions
More conditions can be tested with the “if” and ie requests, as
well as the new “while” request.
c chr True if a character chr is available, where chr is an
ordinary character (Unicode basic Latin excluding control
characters and the space), a special character, or
\N'index'.
d nam True if a string, macro, diversion, or request nam is
defined.
F fnt True if a font fnt is available; fnt can be an abstract
style or a font name. fnt is handled as if it were an
argument to the ft request (that is, the default family is
combined with an abstract style and font translation is
applied), but fnt cannot be a mounting position, and no
font is mounted.
m col True if a color col is defined.
r reg True if a register reg is defined.
S sty True if an abstract style sty is registered. Font
translations apply.
v Always false. This condition is for compatibility with
certain other troff implementations only. (This refers to
vtroff, a translator that would convert the C/A/T output
from early-vintage AT&T troff to a form suitable for
Versatec and Benson-Varian plotters.)
Drawing commands
GNU troff offers drawing commands to create filled circles and
ellipses, and polygons. Stroked (outlined) objects are drawn
with the stroke color and filled (solid) ones shaded with the
fill color. These are independent properties; if you want a
filled, stroked figure, you must draw the same figure twice using
each drawing command. A filled figure is always smaller than a
stroked one because the former is drawn only within its defined
area, whereas strokes have a line thickness (set with another new
drawing command, \D't').
Escape sequences
groff introduces several new escape sequences, extends the syntax
of a few AT&T troff escape sequences (namely, \D, \f, \k, \n, \s,
\$, and \*), and alters the behavior of \X. In the following
list, escape sequences are collated alphabetically at first, and
then by symbol roughly in Unicode code point order.
\A'anything'
Interpolate 1 if anything is a valid identifier, and 0
otherwise. Because invalid input characters are removed,
invalid identifiers are empty or contain spaces, tabs,
newlines, or escape sequences that interpolate something
other than a sequence of ordinary characters. You can
employ \A to validate a macro argument before using it to
construct another escape sequence or identifier.
\B'anything'
Interpolate 1 if anything is a valid numeric expression,
and 0 otherwise. You might use \B along with the “if”
request to filter out invalid macro arguments.
\D'C d'
Draw filled circle of diameter d with its leftmost point
at the drawing position.
\D'E h v'
Draw filled ellipse with h and v as the axes and the
leftmost point at the drawing position.
\D'p h1 v1 ... hn vn'
Draw polygon with vertices at drawing position and each
point in sequence. GNU troff closes the polygon by
drawing a line from (hn, vn) back to the initial drawing
position; DWB and Heirloom troffs do not. Afterward, the
drawing position is left at (hn, vn).
\D'P h1 v1 ... hn vn'
As \D'p', but the polygon is filled.
\D't n'
Set line thickness of geometric objects to to n basic
units. A zero n selects the minimal supported thickness.
A negative n selects a thickness proportional to the type
size; this is the default.
\E Embed an escape character that is not interpreted in copy
mode (compare with \a and \t). You can use it to ease the
writing of nested macro definitions. It is also
convenient to define strings containing escape sequences
that need to work when used in copy mode (for example, as
macro arguments), or which will be interpolated at varying
macro nesting depths.
\f[fnt]
Select typeface fnt, which may be a mounting position,
abstract style, or font name. \f[] and \fP are synonyms;
we recommend the former.
\Ff
\F(fm
\F[fml]
Select default font family. \F[] makes the previous font
family the default. \FP is unlike \fP; it selects font
family “P” as the default. See the fam request below.
\k(rg
\k[reg]
Mark horizontal drawing position in two-character register
name rg or arbitrary register name reg.
\mc
\m(cl
\m[col]
Set the stroke color. \m[] restores the previous stroke
color, or the default if there is none.
\Mc
\M(cl
\M[col]
Set the fill color. \M[] restores the previous fill
color, or the default if there is none.
\n[reg]
Interpolate register reg.
\On
\O[n] Suppress troff output of glyphs and geometric objects.
The sequences \O2, \O3, \O4, and \O5 are intended for
internal use by grohtml(1).
\O0
\O1 Disable and enable, respectively, the emission of
glyphs and geometric objects to the output driver,
provided that this sequence occurs at the outermost
suppression level (see \O3 and \O4). Horizontal
motions corresponding to non-overstruck glyph
widths still occur. These sequences also reset the
registers opminx, opminy, opmaxx, and opmaxy to -1.
These four registers mark the top left and bottom
right hand corners of a box encompassing all
written or drawn output.
\O2 At the outermost suppression level, enable emission
of glyphs and geometric objects, and write to the
standard error stream the page number and values of
the four aforementioned registers encompassing
glyphs written since the last interpolation of a \O
sequence, as well as the page offset, line length,
image file name (if any), horizontal and vertical
device motion quanta, and input file name. Numeric
values are in basic units.
\O3
\O4 Begin and end a nested suppression level,
respectively. grohtml uses this mechanism to
create images of output preprocessed with pic, eqn,
and tbl. At startup, troff is at the outermost
suppression level. pre-grohtml generates these
sequences when processing the document, using troff
with the ps output device, Ghostscript, and the PNM
tools to produce images in PNG format. These
sequences start a new page if the device is not
html or xhtml, to reduce the number of images
crossing a page boundary.
\O5[Pfile]
At the outermost suppression level, write the name
file to the standard error stream at position P,
which must be one of l, r, c, or i, corresponding
to left, right, centered, and inline alignments
within the document, respectively. file is is a
name associated with the production of the next
image.
\R'name ±n'
Synonymous with “.nr name ±n”.
\s[±n]
\s±[n]
\s'±n'
\s±'n' Set the type size to, or increment or decrement it by, n
scaled points.
\Ve
\V(ev
\V[env]
Interpolate contents of the environment variable env, as
returned by getenv(3). \V is interpreted even in copy
mode.
\X'contents'
Within contents, the escape sequences \&, \), \%, and \:
are ignored; \space and \~ are converted to single space
characters; and a self-escaped escape character is output
as a backslash \. So that the basic Latin subset of the
Unicode character set (that is, ISO 646:1991-IRV or,
popularly, “US-ASCII”) can be reliably encoded in
contents, the special character escape sequences \-,
\[aq], \[dq], \[ga], \[ha], \[rs], and \[ti] are mapped to
basic Latin characters; see groff_char(7). For this
transformation, character translations and definitions are
ignored. Other escape sequences are not supported.
\Ym
\Y(ma
\Y[mac]
Interpolate a macro as a device control command. This is
similar to \X'\*[mac]', except the contents of mac are not
interpreted, and mac can be a macro and thus contain
newlines, whereas the argument to \X cannot. This
inclusion of newlines requires an extension to the AT&T
troff output format, and will confuse postprocessors that
do not know about it.
\Z'anything'
Save the drawing position, format anything, then restore
it. Tabs and leaders in the argument are ignored with an
error diagnostic.
\# Ignore everything up to and including the next newline.
This escape sequence is interpreted even in copy mode. \#
is like \", except that \" does not ignore a newline; the
latter therefore cannot be used by itself for a whole-line
comment—it leaves a blank line on the input stream.
\$0 Interpolate the name by which the macro being interpreted
was called. In GNU troff this name can vary; see the als
request.
\$(nn
\$[nnn]
In a macro or string definition, interpolate the nnth or
nnnth argument. Macros and strings can have an unlimited
number of arguments.
\$* In a macro or string definition, interpolate the
catenation of all arguments, separated by spaces.
\$@ In a macro or string definition, interpolate the
catenation of all arguments, with each surrounded by
double quotes and separated by spaces.
\$^ In a macro or string definition, interpolate the
catenation of all arguments constructed in a form suitable
for passage to the ds request.
\) Interpolate a transparent dummy character—one that is
ignored by end-of-sentence detection. It behaves as \&,
except that \& is treated as letters and numerals normally
are after “.”, “?”, and “!”; \& cancels end-of-sentence
detection, and \) does not.
\*[string [arg ...]]
Interpolate string, passing it arg ... as arguments.
\/ Apply an italic correction: modify the spacing of the
preceding glyph so that the distance between it and the
following glyph is correct if the latter is of upright
shape. For example, if an italic “f” is followed
immediately by a roman right parenthesis, then in many
fonts the top right portion of the “f” overlaps the top
left of the right parenthesis, which is ugly. Inserting
\/ between them avoids this problem. Use this escape
sequence whenever an oblique glyph is immediately followed
by an upright glyph without any intervening space.
\, Apply a left italic correction: modify the spacing of the
following glyph so that the distance between it and the
preceding glyph is correct if the latter is of upright
shape. For example, if a roman left parenthesis is
immediately followed by an italic “f”, then in many fonts
the bottom left portion of the “f” overlaps the bottom of
the left parenthesis, which is ugly. Inserting \, between
them avoids this problem. Use this escape sequence
whenever an upright glyph is followed immediately by an
oblique glyph without any intervening space.
\: Insert a non-printing break point. That is, a word can
break there, but the soft hyphen character does not mark
the break point if it does (in contrast to “\%”). The
remainder of the word is subject to hyphenation as normal.
\?anything\?
When used in a diversion, this escape sequence
transparently embeds input, read in copy mode, until its
own next occurrence on the input line. Use \! if you want
to embed newlines in a diversion. Unlike \!, \? is
interpreted even in copy mode.
\[char]
Typeset the special character char.
\[base-char combining-component ...]
Typeset a composite glyph consisting of base-char overlaid
with one or more combining-components. For example,
“\[A ho]” is a capital letter “A” with a “hook accent”
(ogonek). See the composite request below; Groff: The GNU
Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual, for
details of composite glyph name construction; and
groff_char(7) for a list of components used in composite
glyph names.
\~ Insert an unbreakable space that is adjustable like an
ordinary space. It is discarded from the end of an output
line if a break is forced.
Restricted requests
To mitigate risks from untrusted input documents, the pi and sy
requests are disabled by default. troff(1)'s -U option enables
the formatter's “unsafe mode”, restoring their function (and
enabling additional groff extension requests, open, opena, and
pso).
New requests
.aln new old
Create alias new for existing register named old, causing
the names to refer to the same stored value. If old is
undefined, a warning in category reg is generated and the
request is ignored. To remove a register alias, invoke rr
on its name. A register's contents do not become
inaccessible until it has no more names.
.als new old
Create alias new for existing request, string, macro, or
diversion named old, causing the names to refer to the
same stored object. If old is undefined, a warning in
category mac is produced, and the request is ignored. The
“am”, “as”, da, de, di, and ds requests (together with
their variants) create a new object only if the name of
the macro, diversion, or string is currently undefined or
if it is defined as a request; normally, they modify the
value of an existing object. To remove an alias, invoke
rm on its name. The object itself is not destroyed until
it has no more names.
When a request, macro, string, or diversion is aliased,
redefinitions and appendments “write through” alias names.
To replace an alias with a separately defined object, you
must use the rm request on its name first.
.am1 name [end-name]
As “am”, but compatibility mode is disabled while the
appendment to name is interpreted: a “compatibility save”
token is inserted at its beginning, and a “compatibility
restore” token at its end. As a consequence, the requests
“am”, am1, de, and de1 can be intermixed freely since the
compatibility save/restore tokens affect only the parts of
the macro populated by am1 and de1.
.ami name [end-name]
Append to macro indirectly. See dei below.
.ami1 name [end-name]
As ami, but compatibility mode is disabled during
interpretation of the appendment.
.as1 name [["]contents]
As “as”, but compatibility mode is disabled while the
appendment to name is interpreted: a “compatibility save”
token is inserted at the beginning of contents, and a
“compatibility restore” token after it. As a consequence,
the requests “as”, as1, ds, and ds1 can be intermixed
freely since the compatibility save/restore tokens affect
only the portions of the strings populated by as1 and ds1.
.asciify div
Unformat the diversion div in a way such that Unicode
basic Latin (ASCII) characters, characters translated with
the trin request, space characters, and some escape
sequences, that were formatted in the diversion div are
treated like ordinary input characters when div is
interpolated. Doing so can be useful in conjunction with
the writem request.
asciify cannot return all items in a diversion to their
source equivalent: nodes such as those produced by \N[...]
will remain nodes, so the result cannot be guaranteed to
be a pure string. See section “Copy mode” in groff(7).
Glyph parameters such as the type face and size are not
preserved; use unformat to achieve that.
.backtrace
Write backtrace of input stack to the standard error
stream. See the -b option of troff(1).
.blm [name]
Set a blank line macro (trap). If a blank line macro is
thus defined, groff executes name when a blank line is
encountered in the input file, instead of the usual
behavior. A line consisting only of spaces is also
treated as blank and subject to this trap. If no argument
is supplied, the default blank line behavior is
(re-)established.
.box [name]
.boxa [name]
Divert (or append) output to name, similarly to the di and
da requests, respectively. Any pending output line is not
included in the diversion. Without an argument, stop
diverting output; any pending output line inside the
diversion is discarded.
.break Exit a “while” loop. Do not confuse this request with a
typographical break or the br request. See “continue”.
.brp Break and adjust line; this is the AT&T troff escape
sequence \p in request form.
.cflags n c1 c2 ...
Assign properties encoded by the number n to characters
c1, c2, and so on. Ordinary and special characters have
certain associated properties. (Glyphs don't: to GNU
troff, like AT&T device-independent troff, a glyph is an
identifier corresponding to a rectangle with some metrics;
see groff_font(5).) The first argument is the sum of the
desired flags and the remaining arguments are the
characters to be assigned those properties. Spaces
between the cn arguments are optional. Any argument cn
can be a character class defined with the class request
rather than an individual character.
The non-negative integer n is the sum of any of the
following. Some combinations are nonsensical, such as
“33” (1 + 32).
1 Recognize the character as ending a sentence if
followed by a newline or two spaces. Initially,
characters “.?!” have this property.
2 Enable breaks before the character. A line is not
broken at a character with this property unless the
characters on each side both have non-zero
hyphenation codes. This exception can be
overridden by adding 64. Initially, no characters
have this property.
4 Enable breaks after the character. A line is not
broken at a character with this property unless the
characters on each side both have non-zero
hyphenation codes. This exception can be
overridden by adding 64. Initially, characters
“-\[hy]\[em]” have this property.
8 Mark the glyph associated with this character as
overlapping other instances of itself horizontally.
Initially, characters
“\[ul]\[rn]\[ru]\[radicalex]\[sqrtex]” have this
property.
16 Mark the glyph associated with this character as
overlapping other instances of itself vertically.
Initially, the character “\[br]” has this property.
32 Mark the character as transparent for the purpose
of end-of-sentence recognition. In other words, an
end-of-sentence character followed by any number of
characters with this property is treated as the end
of a sentence if followed by a newline or two
spaces. This is the same as having a zero space
factor in TeX. Initially, characters
“'")]*\[dg]\[dd]\[rq]\[cq]” have this property.
64 Ignore hyphenation codes of the surrounding
characters. Use this value in combination with
values 2 and 4. Initially, no characters have this
property.
The remaining values were implemented for East Asian
language support; those who use alphabetic scripts
exclusively can disregard them.
128 Prohibit a break before the character, but allow a
break after the character. This works only in
combination with values 256 and 512 and has no
effect otherwise. Initially, no characters have
this property.
256 Prohibit a break after the character, but allow a
break before the character. This works only in
combination with values 128 and 512 and has no
effect otherwise. Initially, no characters have
this property.
512 Allow a break before or after the character. This
works only in combination with values 128 and 256
and has no effect otherwise. Initially, no
characters have this property.
In contrast to values 2 and 4, the values 128, 256, and
512 work pairwise. If, for example, the left character
has value 512, and the right character 128, no break will
be automatically inserted between them. If we use value 6
instead for the left character, a break after the
character can't be suppressed since the neighboring
character on the right doesn't get examined.
.char c [["]contents]
Define an ordinary or special character c as contents. If
contents is absent, an existing character definition made
with the same request is deleted.
Defining (or redefining) a character c creates an object
in the formatter that is recognized like any other
ordinary or special character on input, and produces
contents on output. Every time c is to be output,
contents is processed in a temporary environment and the
result encapsulated in a node. (See section “Gtroff
Internals” in Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, the
groff Texinfo manual.) A leading neutral double quote in
the second argument is stripped from it, allowing embedded
leading spaces in contents, which is read in copy mode and
continues to the end of the input line. Further,
compatibility mode is disabled and the escape character
set to \ while contents is processed. Any emboldening,
constant spacing, or track kerning is applied to this
object as a whole, not to each character in contents.
A character defined by this request can be used just like
a glyph provided by the output device. In particular,
other characters can be translated to it with the tr
request; it can be made the tab or leader fill character
with the tc and lc requests; sequences of it can be drawn
with the \l and \L escape sequences; and, if the hcode
request is used on c, it is subject to automatic
hyphenation.
To prevent infinite recursion, occurrences of c within its
own definition are treated normally (as if it were not
being defined with char). The tr and trin requests take
precedence if char also applies to c. A character
definition can be removed with the rchar request.
.chop name
Remove the last character from the macro, string, or
diversion name. This is useful for removing the newline
from the end of a diversion that is to be interpolated as
a string. This request can be used repeatedly on the same
name; see section “Gtroff Internals” in Groff: The GNU
Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual, for
discussion of nodes inserted by groff.
.class ident c ...
Define a character class (or simply “class”) ident
comprising the characters or range expressions c.
A class thus defined can then be referred to in lieu of
listing all the characters within it. Currently, only the
cflags request can handle references to character classes.
In the request's simplest form, each c is a character (or
special character).
Since class and special character names share the same
name space, we recommend starting and ending the class
name with “[” and “]”, respectively, to avoid collisions
with existing character names defined by groff or the user
(with char and related requests). This practice applies
the presence of “]” in the class name to prevent the usage
of the special character escape form “\[...]”, thus you
must use the \C escape sequence to access a class with
such a name.
You can also use a character range expression consisting
of a start character followed by “-” and then an end
character. Internally, GNU troff converts these two
character names to Unicode code points (according to the
groff glyph list [GGL]), which determine the start and end
values of the range. If that fails, the class definition
is skipped. Furthermore, classes can be nested.
If you want to include “-” in a class, it must be the
first character value in the argument list, otherwise it
gets misinterpreted as part of the range syntax.
It is not possible to use class names as end points of
range definitions.
A typical use of the class request is to control line-
breaking and hyphenation rules as defined by the cflags
request.
.close stream
Close the named stream, invalidating it as an argument to
the write request. See open.
.composite c1 c2
Map ordinary or special character c1 to c2 when c1 is a
combining component in a composite character. Typically,
composite is used to map a spacing character to a
combining one. See groff_char(7).
.continue
Skip the remainder of a “while” loop's body, immediately
starting the next iteration. See break.
.color [b]
Enable or disable output of color-related device-
independent output commands per Boolean expression b. It
is enabled by default, and if b is omitted.
.cp [b]
Enable or disable AT&T troff compatibility mode per
Boolean expression b. It is disabled by default, and
enabled if b is omitted. In compatibility mode, long
names are not recognized, and the incompatibilities they
cause do not arise.
.defcolor ident scheme color-component ...
Define a color named ident. scheme identifies a color
space and determines the number of required color-
components; it must be one of “rgb” (three components),
“cmy” (three components), “cmyk” (four components), or
“gray” (one component). “grey” is accepted as a synonym
of “gray”. Each color component can be encoded as a
hexadecimal value starting with # or ##. The former
indicates that each component is in the range 0–255
(0–FF), the latter the range 0–65535 (0–FFFF).
Alternatively, a component can be specified as a decimal
fraction in the range 0–1, interpreted using a default
scaling unit of “f”, which multiplies its value by 65,536
(but clamps it at 65,535).
Each output device has a color named “default”, which
cannot be redefined. A device's default stroke and fill
colors are not necessarily the same.
.de1 ident [end-name]
As “de”, but compatibility mode is disabled while the
macro ident is interpreted: a “compatibility save” token
is inserted at its beginning, and a “compatibility
restore” token at its end. See .am1.
.dei name [end-name]
Define macro indirectly, with the name of the macro to be
defined in string name and the name of the end macro
terminating its definition in string end-name.
.dei1 name [end-name]
As dei, but compatibility mode is disabled while the
definition of the macro named in string name is
interpreted.
.device contents
Write contents, read in copy mode, to troff output as a
device control command. A leading neutral double quote in
anything is stripped to allow the embedding of leading
spaces.
A device control command issued with the device request
will not be reflected in the output unless a partially
collected line exists in the top-level diversion at least
once. When experimenting with such device controls in
minimal documents, a br request will ensure this to be the
case.
.devicem name
Write contents of macro or string name to troff output as
a device control command.
.do name [arg ...]
Interpret the string, request, diversion, or macro name
(along with any arguments) with compatibility mode
disabled. Compatibility mode is restored (only if it was
active) when the expansion of name is interpreted; that
is, the restored compatibility state applies to the
contents of the macro, string, or diversion name as well
as data read from files or pipes if name is any of the so,
soquiet, mso, msoquiet, or pso requests.
.ds1 name [["]contents]
As ds, but compatibility mode is disabled while name is
interpreted: a “compatibility save” token is inserted at
the beginning of contents, and a “compatibility restore”
token after it.
.ecr Restore the escape character saved with ecs, or set escape
character to “\” if none has been saved.
.ecs Save the current escape character.
.evc env
Copy the properties of environment env to the current
environment, except for:
• a partially collected line, if present;
• the interruption status of the previous input line (due
to use of the \c escape sequence);
• the count of remaining lines to center, to right-align,
or to underline (with or without underlined
spaces)—these are set to zero;
• the activation status of temporary indentation;
• input traps and their associated data;
• the activation status of line numbering (which can be
reactivated with “.nm +0”); and
• the count of consecutive hyphenated lines (set to
zero).
.fam [fml]
Set default font family to fml. With no argument, the
previous font family is selected, and if none, the
formatter's default family. This default is “T” (Times),
but can be overridden by the output device—see
groff_font(5). The default font family is associated with
the environment. See \F.
.fchar c [["]contents]
Define fallback character c as contents. As char, but
while that request hides a glyph with the same name in the
selected font, fchar definitions are used only if the font
lacks a glyph for c. This test happens before special
fonts are searched.
.fcolor [color]
Set the fill color to color, or, without an argument,
restore the previous stroke color, or the default if there
is none.
.fschar f c [["]contents]
Define fallback special character c for font f as
contents. As char, but a character defined by fschar is
located after the list of fonts declared with fspecial is
searched and before those declared with the “special”
request.
.fspecial f [s ...]
When font f is selected, treat each font s as special;
that is, search it for any glyph not found in f. Fonts
specified by the “special” request are searched after
those listed in the fspecial request. Without s
arguments, fspecial empties the list of fonts treated as
special when f is selected.
.ftr f [g]
Translate font f to g. Whenever a font named f is
referred to in an \f escape sequence, in the F and S
conditional expression operators, or in the ft, ul, bd,
cs, tkf, special, fspecial, fp, or sty requests, font g is
used. If g is missing or identical to f, then font f is
not translated.
.fzoom f [zoom]
Set zoom factor zoom for font f. zoom must a non-negative
integer; it scales the magnification by thousandths with
1000 as a basis. If zoom is missing or equal to zero or
1000, font f is not magnified. f must be a resolved font
name, not an abstract style or mounting position.
.gcolor [color]
Set the stroke color to color, or, without an argument,
restore the previous stroke color, or the default if there
is none.
.hcode c1 code1 [c2 code2] ...
Set the hyphenation code of character c1 to code1, that of
c2 to code2, and so on. A hyphenation code must be an
ordinary character (not a special character escape
sequence) other than a digit.
For automatic hyphenation to work, hyphenation codes must
be set up. At startup, groff assigns hyphenation codes to
the letters “a–z” (mapped to themselves), to the letters
“A–Z” (mapped to “a–z”), and zero to all other characters.
Normally, hyphenation patterns contain only lowercase
letters which should be applied regardless of case. In
other words, they assume that the words “ABBOT” and
“Abbot” should be hyphenated exactly as “abbot” is. hcode
extends this principle to letters outside the Unicode
basic Latin alphabet; without it, words containing such
letters won't be hyphenated properly even if the
corresponding hyphenation patterns contain them.
.hla [lang]
Set the hyphenation language to lang, or clear it if there
is no argument. Hyphenation exceptions specified with the
hw request and hyphenation patterns and exceptions
specified with the hpf and hpfa requests are associated
with the hyphenation language. The hla request is usually
invoked by a localization file, which is in turn loaded by
the troffrc or troffrc-end file; see the hpf request
below. The hyphenation language is associated with the
environment.
.hlm [n]
Set the consecutive automatically hyphenated line limit to
n. A negative value means “no limit”. Omitting n implies
a limit of -1. This value is associated with the
environment. Only lines output from a given environment
count towards the maximum associated with that
environment. Hyphens resulting from \% are counted;
explicit hyphens are not.
.hpf pattern-file
Read hyphenation patterns from pattern-file. This file is
sought in the same way that macro files are with the mso
request or the -mname command-line option to groff(1) and
troff(1).
The pattern-file should have the same format as (simple)
TeX pattern files. The following scanning rules are
implemented.
• A percent sign starts a comment (up to the end of the
line) even if preceded by a backslash.
• “Digraphs” like \$ are not supported.
• “^^xx” (where each x is 0–9 or a–f) and ^^c
(character c in the code point range 0–127 decimal) are
recognized; other uses of ^ cause an error.
• No macro expansion is performed.
• hpf checks for the expression \patterns{...} (possibly
with whitespace before or after the braces).
Everything between the braces is taken as hyphenation
patterns. Consequently, “{” and “}” are not allowed in
patterns.
• Similarly, \hyphenation{...} gives a list of
hyphenation exceptions.
• \endinput is recognized also.
• For backwards compatibility, if \patterns is missing,
the whole file is treated as a list of hyphenation
patterns (but the “%” character is still recognized as
the start of a comment).
Use the hpfcode request (see below) to map the encoding
used in hyphenation pattern files to groff's input
encoding.
The set of hyphenation patterns is associated with the
hyphenation language set by the hla request. The hpf
request is usually invoked by a localization file loaded
by the troffrc file. By default, troffrc loads the
localization file for English. (As of groff 1.23.0,
localization files for Czech (cs), German (de), English
(en), French (fr), Japanese (ja), Swedish (sv), and
Chinese (zh) exist.) For Western languages, the
localization file sets the hyphenation mode and loads
hyphenation patterns and exceptions.
A second call to hpf (for the same language) replaces the
old patterns with the new ones.
Invoking hpf causes an error if there is no hyphenation
language.
If no hpf request is specified (either in the document, in
a file loaded at startup, or in a macro package), GNU
troff won't automatically hyphenate at all.
.hpfa pattern-file
As hpf, except that the hyphenation patterns and
exceptions from pattern-file are appended to the patterns
already applied to the hyphenation language of the
environment.
.hpfcode a b [c d] ...
Define mapping values for character codes in pattern
files. This is an older mechanism no longer used by
groff's own macro files; for its successor, see hcode
above. hpf or hpfa apply the mapping after reading or
appending to the active list of patterns. Its arguments
are pairs of character codes—integers from 0 to 255. The
request maps character code a to code b, code c to code d,
and so on. Character codes that would otherwise be
invalid in groff can be used. By default, every code maps
to itself except those for letters “A” to “Z”, which map
to those for “a” to “z”.
.hydefault mode
Set hyphenation mode default to mode. When the hy request
is invoked without an argument, this mode is selected.
The hyphenation mode default is associated with the
environment.
.hym [length]
Set the (right) hyphenation margin to length. If the
adjustment mode is not “b” or “n”, the line is not
hyphenated if it is shorter than length. Without an
argument, the default hyphenation margin is reset to its
default value, 0. The default scaling unit is “m”. The
hyphenation margin is associated with the environment. A
negative argument resets the hyphenation margin to zero,
emitting a warning in category “range”.
.hys [hyphenation-space]
Suppress hyphenation of the line in adjustment modes “b”
or “n”, if it can be justified by adding no more than
hyphenation-space extra space to each inter-word space.
Without an argument, the hyphenation space adjustment
threshold is set to its default value, 0. The default
scaling unit is “m”. The hyphenation space adjustment
threshold is associated with the current environment. A
negative argument resets the hyphenation space adjustment
threshold to zero, emitting a warning in category “range”.
.itc n name
As “it”, but lines interrupted with the \c escape sequence
are not applied to the line count.
.kern n
If n is non-zero or missing, enable pairwise kerning (the
default), otherwise disable it.
.length reg anything
Compute the number of characters in anything and return
the count in the register reg. If reg doesn't exist, it
is created. anything is read in copy mode.
.linetabs [b]
Activate or deactivate line-tabs in the environment per
Boolean expression b. They are inactive by default, and
activated if b is omitted. When line-tabs are active, tab
stops are computed relative to the start of the pending
output line instead of the drawing position corresponding
to the start of the input line.
.lsm [name]
Set the leading space macro (trap) to name. If there are
leading space characters on an input line, name is invoked
in lieu of the usual roff behavior; the leading spaces are
removed. The count of leading spaces on an input line is
stored in \n[lsn], and the amount of corresponding
horizontal motion in \n[lss], irrespective of whether a
leading space trap is set. When it is, the leading spaces
are removed from the input line, and no motion is produced
before calling name. If no argument is supplied, the
default leading space behavior is (re-)established.
.mso file
As “so”, except that file is sought in the same
directories as arguments to the groff(1) and troff(1) -m
command-line option are (the “tmac path”). If file does
not exist, a warning in category “file” is emitted and the
request has no other effect.
.msoquiet file
As mso, but no warning is emitted if file does not exist.
.nop anything
Interpret anything as if it were an input line. nop
resembles “.if 1”; it puts a break on the output if
anything is empty. Unlike “if”, it cannot govern
conditional blocks. Its application is to maintain
consistent indentation within macro definitions even when
producing text lines.
.nroff Make the n conditional expression evaluate true and t
false. See troff.
.open stream file
Open file for writing and associate stream with it. See
write and close.
.opena stream file
As open, but if file exists, append to it instead of
truncating it.
.output contents
Emit contents directly to troff's output; this usage is
similar to that of \! in the top-level diversion. A
leading neutral double quote in the argument is stripped,
allowing embedded leading spaces in contents, which is
read in copy mode and continues to the end of the input
line. This request can't be used before the first page
has started—if an error is reported, or contents fails to
appear in troff's output, simply insert a .br line before
the output request.
.pev Report the state of the current environment followed by
that of all other environments to the standard error
stream.
.pcolor
Report, to the standard error stream, the list of defined
color names. A device's default stroke and/or fill
colors, “default”, are not listed since they are immutable
and their details unknown to the formatter.
.pcomposite
Report, to the standard error stream, the list of defined
composite characters. The “from” code point is listed
first, followed by its “to” mapping.
.phw Report, to the standard error stream, the list of
hyphenation exceptions. Each hyphenation point is marked
with “-”. Words that will not be hyphenated at all are
prefixed with “-”. Those to which the automatic
hyphenation mode applies (meaning those defined in a
hyphenation pattern file rather than with the hw request)
are suffixed with a tab and asterisk (*).
.pline Report, to the standard error stream, the list of output
nodes corresponding to the pending output line. The list
is empty if there are none.
.pnr Write the names and values of all currently defined
registers to the standard error stream.
.psbb file
Get the bounding box of a PostScript image file. This
file must conform to Adobe's Document Structuring
Conventions; the request attempts to extract the bounding
box values from a %%BoundingBox comment. After
invocation, the x and y coordinates (in PostScript units)
of the lower left and upper right corners can be found in
the registers \n[llx], \n[lly], \n[urx], and \n[ury],
respectively. If an error occurs, these four registers
are set to zero.
.pso command
As “so”, except that input comes from the standard output
stream of command.
.ptr Report the names and vertical positions of all page
location traps to the standard error stream. Empty slots
in the list are shown as well, because they can affect the
visibility of subsequently planted traps.
.pvs ±n
Set the post-vertical line spacing to n; default scaling
unit is “p”. With no argument, the post-vertical line
space is set to its previous value.
In GNU troff, the distance between text baselines consists
of the extra pre-vertical line spacing set by the most
negative \x argument on the pending output line, the
vertical spacing (vs), the extra post-vertical line
spacing set by the most positive \x argument on the
pending output line, and the post-vertical line spacing
set by this request.
.rchar c ...
Remove definition of each ordinary or special character c,
undoing the effect of a char, fchar, or schar request.
Glyphs, which are defined by font description files,
cannot be removed. Spaces and tabs may separate c
arguments.
.return [anything]
Stop interpreting a macro, skipping to the end of its
definition. Do not confuse “return” with rt. If called
with an argument anything, the skip is performed twice—
once within the macro being interpreted and once in an
enclosing macro. trace.tmac uses this feature to define a
wrapper macro for “return”.
.rfschar f c ...
Remove each fallback special character c for font f.
Spaces and tabs may separate c arguments. See fschar.
.rj [n]
Right-align the next n input lines. Without an argument,
right-align the next input line. rj implies “.ce 0”, and
ce implies “.rj 0”.
.rnn r1 r2
Rename register r1 to r2. If r1 doesn't exist, the
request is ignored.
.schar c [["]contents]
Define global fallback character c as contents. As char,
but a character defined with schar is located after the
list of fonts declared with the special request and before
any mounted special fonts.
.shc [c]
Set the soft hyphen character, inserted when a word is
hyphenated automatically or at a hyphenation character,
to c. If c is omitted, the soft hyphen character is set
to the default, \[hy]. If the selected glyph does not
exist in the font in use at a potential hyphenation point,
then the line is not broken at that point. Neither
character definitions (char and similar) nor translations
(tr and similar) are considered when assigning the soft
hyphen character.
.shift n
In a macro, shift the arguments by n positions: argument i
becomes argument i-n; arguments 1 to n are no longer
available. If n is missing, arguments are shifted by 1.
No effect otherwise.
.sizes s1 s2 ... sn [0]
Set the available type sizes to s1, s2, ... sn scaled
points. The list of sizes can be terminated by an
optional “0”. Each si can also be a range m–n. In
contrast to the device description file directive of the
same name (see groff_font(5)), the argument list can't
extend over more than one line.
.soquiet file
As “so”, but no warning is emitted if file does not exist.
.special [s ...]
Declare each font s as special, searching it for glyphs
not found in the selected font. Without arguments, “‐
special" empties this list of special fonts.
.spreadwarn [limit]
Emit a break warning if the additional space inserted for
each space between words in an output line adjusted to
both margins with “.ad b” is larger than or equal to
limit. A negative value is treated as zero; an absent
argument toggles the warning on and off without changing
limit. The default scaling unit is m. At startup,
spreadwarn is inactive and limit is 3 m.
For example, “.spreadwarn 0.2m” causes a warning if break
warnings are not suppressed and troff must add 0.2 m or
more for each inter-word space in a line.
.stringdown str
.stringup str
Alter the string named str by replacing each of its bytes
with its lowercase (down) or uppercase (up) version (if
one exists). Special characters (see groff_char(7)) will
often transform in the expected way due to the regular
naming convention for accented characters. When they do
not, use substrings and/or catenation.
.sty pos style
Associate abstract style with non-negative font mounting
position pos.
.substring string start [end]
Replace the string named string with its substring bounded
by the indices start and end, inclusively. The first
character in the string has index 0. If end is omitted,
it is implicitly set to the largest valid value (the
string length minus one). Negative indices count
backwards from the end of the string: the last character
has index -1, the character before the last has index -2,
and so on.
.tkf f s1 n1 s2 n2
Enable track kerning for font f. When the current font
is f the width of every glyph is increased by an amount
between n1 and n2; when the current type size is less than
or equal to s1 the width is increased by n1; when it is
greater than or equal to s2 the width is increased by n2;
when the type size is greater than or equal to s1 and less
than or equal to s2 the increase in width is a linear
function of the type size.
.tm1 [["]contents]
As tm, but recognizes and strips a leading neutral double
quote, allowing embedded leading spaces in message.
.tmc message
As tm1 request, but does not append a newline.
.trf file
Transparently output the contents of file. Each line is
output as if preceded by \!, but is not read in copy mode.
If file does not end with a newline, trf appends one.
Like cf, trf breaks the line unless invoked with the no-
break control character. Characters in file that are
invalid as input to GNU troff are discarded; contrast with
cf.
.trin abcd
This is the same as the tr request except that the asciify
request uses the character code (if any) before the
character translation.
.trnt abcd
This is the same as the tr request except that the
translations do not apply to text that is transparently
throughput into a diversion with \!.
.troff Make the t conditional expression evaluate true and n
false. See nroff.
.unformat div
Unformat the diversion div. Unlike asciify, unformat
handles only tabs and spaces between words, the latter
usually arising from spaces or newlines in the input.
Tabs are treated as input tokens, and spaces become
adjustable again. The vertical sizes of lines are not
preserved, but glyph information (font, type size, space
width, and so on) is retained.
.vpt [b]
Enable or disable vertical position traps per Boolean
expression b. They are enabled by default, and if b is
omitted.
Vertical position traps are those set by the ch, wh, and
dt requests. Vertical position trap enablement is global.
.warn [n]
Select the categories, or “types”, of reported warnings.
n is the sum of the numeric codes associated with each
warning category that is to be enabled; all other
categories are disabled. The categories and their
associated codes are listed in section “Warnings” of
troff(1). For example, “.warn 0” disables all warnings,
and “.warn 1” disables all warnings except those about
missing glyphs. If no argument is given, all warning
categories are enabled.
.warnscale si
Set the scaling unit used in warnings to si. Valid values
for si are u, i (the default), c, p, and P.
.while cond-expr anything
Evaluate the conditional expression cond-expr, and
repeatedly execute anything unless and until cond-expr
evaluates false. anything, which is often a conditional
block, is referred to as the while request's body.
troff treats the body of a while request similarly to that
of a de request (albeit one not read in copy mode), but
stores it under an internal name and deletes it when the
loop finishes. The operation of a macro containing a
while request can slow significantly if the while body is
large. Each time the macro is executed, the while body is
parsed and stored again. An often better solution—and one
that is more portable, since AT&T troff lacked the while
request—is to instead write a recursive macro. It will be
parsed only once (unless you redefine it). To prevent
infinite loops, the default number of available recursion
levels is 1,000 or somewhat less (because things other
than macro calls can be on the input stack). You can
disable this protective measure, or raise the limit, by
setting the slimit register. See section “Debugging”
below.
If a while body begins with a conditional block, its
closing brace must end an input line.
The break and continue requests alter a while loop's flow
of control.
.write stream [["]contents]
Write contents to stream, which must previously have been
the subject of an open request, followed by a newline. A
leading neutral double quote in the second argument is
stripped, allowing embedded leading spaces in contents,
which is read in copy mode until the end of the line.
.writec stream [["]contents]
As write, but does not append a newline to contents.
.writem stream name
Write the contents of the macro or string name to stream,
which must previously have been the subject of an open
request. name is read in copy mode.
Extended requests
.cf file
In a diversion, embed an object which, when interpolated,
will cause the contents of file to be copied verbatim to
the output. In AT&T troff, the contents of file are
immediately copied to the output regardless of whether a
diversion is being written to; this behavior is so
anomalous that it must be considered a bug.
.de name [end-name]
.am name [end-name]
.ds name [["]contents]
.as name [["]contents]
In compatibility mode, these requests behave similarly to
de1, am1, ds1, and as1, respectively: a “compatibility
save” token is inserted at the beginning, and a
“compatibility restore” token at the end, with
compatibility mode switched on during interpolation of the
applicable macro definition, appendment, or string
contents.
.hy n New values 16 and 32 are available; the former enables
hyphenation before the last character in a word, and the
latter enables hyphenation after the first character in a
word. If invoked without an argument, the mode configured
by the hydefault request is selected.
.ss word-space-size [additional-sentence-space-size]
A second argument sets the amount of additional space
separating sentences on the same output line. If omitted,
this amount is set to word-space-size. Both arguments are
in twelfths of current font's space width (typically one-
fourth to one-third em for Western scripts; see
groff_font(5)). The default for both parameters is 12.
Negative values are erroneous.
.ta [[n1 n2 ... nn ]T r1 r2 ... rn]
groff supports an extended syntax to specify repeating tab
stops after the “T” mark. These values are always taken
as relative distances from the previous tab stop. This is
the idiomatic way to specify tab stops at equal intervals
in groff.
The syntax summary above instructs groff to set tabs at
positions n1, n2, ..., nn, then at nn+r1, nn+r2, ...,
nn+rn, then at nn+rn+r1, nn+rn+r2, ..., nn+rn+rn, and so
on.
New registers
GNU troff exposes more formatter state via many new read-only
registers. Their names often correspond to the requests that
affect them.
\n[.br]
Within a macro call, interpolate 1 if the macro is called
with the “normal” control character (“.” by default),
and 0 otherwise. This facility allows the reliable
modification of requests. Using this register outside of
a macro definition makes no sense.
\n[.C] Interpolate 1 if compatibility mode is in effect,
0 otherwise. See cp.
\n[.cdp]
Interpolate depth of last glyph added to the environment.
It is positive if the glyph extends below the baseline.
\n[.ce]
Interpolate number of input lines remaining to be
centered.
\n[.cht]
Interpolate height of last glyph added to the environment.
It is positive if the glyph extends above the baseline.
\n[.color]
Interpolate 1 if colors are enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.cp]
Within a “do” request, interpolate the saved value of
compatibility mode (see \n[.C] above).
\n[.csk]
Interpolate skew of last glyph added to the environment.
The skew of a glyph is how far to the right of the center
of a glyph the center of an accent over that glyph is to
be placed.
\n[.ev]
Interpolate name of current environment. This is a
string-valued register.
\n[.fam]
Interpolate name of default font family. This is a
string-valued register.
\n[.fn]
Interpolate resolved name of the selected font. This is a
string-valued register.
\n[.fp]
Interpolate next free non-zero font mounting position.
\n[.g] Interpolate 1. Test with “if” or ie to check whether GNU
troff is the formatter.
\n[.height]
Interpolate font height. See \H.
\n[.hla]
Interpolate hyphenation language of the environment. This
is a string-valued register.
\n[.hlc]
Interpolate count of immediately preceding consecutive
hyphenated lines in the environment.
\n[.hlm]
Interpolate maximum number of consecutive hyphenated lines
allowed in the environment.
\n[.hy]
Interpolate automatic hyphenation mode of the environment.
\n[.hydefault]
Interpolate hyphenation mode default of the environment.
\n[.hym]
Inteprolate hyphenation margin of the environment.
\n[.hys]
Interpolate hyphenation space adjustment threshold of the
environment.
\n[.in]
Interpolate indentation amount applicable to the pending
output line.
\n[.int]
Interpolate 1 if the most recently formatted text was
interrupted (ended with \c), 0 otherwise.
\n[.it]
Interpolate the count of lines remaining in any pending
input trap.
\n[.itc]
Interpolate 1 if the pending input trap honors the output
line continuation escape sequence (\c), 0 otherwise.
\n[.itm]
Interpolate the name of the macro associated with the
pending input trap. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.kern]
Interpolate 1 if pairwise kerning is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.lg]
Interpolate ligature mode.
\n[.linetabs]
Interpolate 1 if line-tabs mode is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.ll]
Interpolate line length applicable to the pending output
line.
\n[.lt]
Interpolate title line length.
\n[.m] Interpolate name of the selected stroke color. This is a
string-valued register.
\n[.M] Interpolate name of the selected fill color. This is a
string-valued register.
\n[.ne]
Interpolate amount of space demanded by the most recent ne
request that caused a page location trap to be sprung.
See \n[.trunc].
\n[.nm]
Interpolate 1 if output line numbering is enabled (even if
temporarily suppressed), 0 otherwise.
\n[.nn]
Interpolate count of output lines remaining to have
numbering suppressed.
\n[.ns]
Interpolate 1 if no-space mode is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.O] Interpolate output suppression level. See \O.
\n[.P] Interpolate 1 if the current page is selected for output.
See -o command-line option to troff(1).
\n[.pe]
Interpolate 1 during page ejection, 0 otherwise.
\n[.pn]
Interpolate next page number (either that set by pn, or
that of the current page plus 1).
\n[.ps]
Interpolate type size in scaled points.
\n[.psr]
Interpolate most recently requested type size in scaled
points.
\n[.pvs]
Interpolate post-vertical line spacing amount.
\n[.rj]
Interpolate number of input lines remaining to be right-
aligned.
\n[.slant]
Interpolate font slant. See \S.
\n[.sr]
Interpolate most recently requested type size in points as
a decimal fraction. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.ss]
\n[.sss]
Interpolate values of minimal inter-word space and
additional inter-sentence space, respectively, in twelfths
of the space width of the selected font.
\n[.sty]
Interpolate selected abstract font style, if any. This is
a string-valued register.
\n[.tabs]
Interpolate representation of the tab stop settings in a
form suitable for passage to the ta request.
\n[.trap]
Interpolate the name of the next vertical position trap
that will be sprung. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.trunc]
Interpolate amount of vertical space truncated by the most
recently sprung page location trap, or, if the trap was
sprung by an ne request, minus the amount of vertical
motion produced by the ne request. In other words, at the
point a trap is sprung, \n[.trunc] represents the
difference of what the vertical position would have been
but for the trap, and what the vertical position actually
is. See \n[.ne].
\n[.U] Interpolate 1 if in unsafe mode, 0 otherwise. See -U
command-line option to troff(1).
\n[.vpt]
Interpolate 1 if vertical position traps are enabled,
0 otherwise.
\n[.warn]
Interpolate warning mode. See section “Warnings” of
troff(1).
\n[.x] Interpolate major version number of the running troff
formatter. For example, if the version number is 1.23.0,
then \n[.x] contains 1.
\n[.y] Interpolate minor version number of the running troff
formatter. For example, if the version number is 1.23.0,
then \n[.y] contains 23.
\n[.Y] Interpolate revision number of the running troff
formatter. For example, if the version number is 1.23.0,
then \n[.Y] contains 0.
\n[.zoom]
Interpolate magnification of font, in thousandths, or 0 if
magnification unused. See fzoom.
The following (writable) registers are set by the psbb request.
\n[llx]
\n[lly]
\n[urx]
\n[ury]
Interpolate the (upper, lower, left, right) bounding box
values (in PostScript units) of the most recently
processed PostScript image.
The following (writable) registers are set by the \w escape
sequence.
\n[rst]
\n[rsb]
Like \n[st] and \n[sb], but taking account of the heights
and depths of glyphs. In other words, these registers
store the highest and lowest vertical positions attained
by the argument formatted by the \w escape sequence, doing
what AT&T troff documented \n[st] and \n[sb] as doing.
\n[ssc]
The amount of (possibly negative) horizontal space to add
to the last glyph before a subscript.
\n[skw]
How far to right of the center of the last glyph in the \w
argument, to place the center of an accent from a roman
font over that glyph.
Other writable registers are as follows. Those relating to date
and time are initialized using localtime(3) at formatter startup.
\n[c.] Interpolate input line number. \n[.c] is a read-only
alias of this register.
\n[hours]
Interpolate number of hours elapsed since midnight.
\n[hp] Interpolate horizontal position relative to that at the
start of the input line.
\n[lsn]
\n[lss]
Interpolate count of leading spaces on input line and
amount of corresponding horizontal motion, respectively.
\n[minutes]
Interpolate number of minutes elapsed in the hour.
\n[seconds]
Interpolate number of seconds elapsed in the minute.
\n[systat]
Interpolate return value of system(3) function executed by
most recent sy request.
\n[slimit]
Interpolates maximum quantity of objects on troff's
internal input stack (default: 1000). If non-positive,
there is no limit: recursion can continue until program
memory is exhausted.
\n[year]
Interpolate Gregorian year. AT&T troff's \[yr]
interpolates the Gregorian year minus 1900.
Miscellaneous
GNU troff predefines one string, .T, containing the argument
given to the -T command-line option, namely the output device
(for example, pdf or utf8). The (read-only) register .T
interpolates 1 if GNU troff is run with the -T command-line
option, and 0 otherwise.
A font not listed in the output device's DESC file's fonts
directive is automatically mounted at the next available font
position when it is selected. If you mount a font explicitly
with the fp request, you should do so on the first unused
position, which can be found in the .fp register.
Unparameterized string interpolation does not conceal the
arguments to a macro being interpreted. Thus, in a macro
definition, the call of another macro with the existing argument
list,
.xx \\$@
is more efficiently done with
\\*[xx]\\
(that is, with string interpolation). The trailing backslashes
prevent the final newline in the macro definition from being
interpolated, potentially putting an unwanted blank line on the
output. See section “Punning Names” in groff(7).
If a font description file contains pairwise kerning information,
glyphs from that font are kerned. Kerning between two glyphs can
be inhibited by placing a dummy character \& between them.
GNU troff keeps track of the nesting depth of escape sequence
interpolations and other uses of delimiters, as in the tl request
and the output comparison operator (that is, input like 'foo'bar'
as a conditional expression), so the only characters you need to
avoid using as delimiters are those that appear in the arguments
you input, not any that result from interpolation. Typically, '
works fine. Use visible characters as delimiters in GNU troff,
not “ASCII” controls like BEL (Control+G). The implementation of
\$@ ensures that the double quotes surrounding an argument appear
at an interpolation depth different from that of the arguments
themselves. Similarly, in bracket-form escape sequences like
\f[ZCMI], a right bracket ] does not end the sequence unless it
occurs at the same interpolation depth as the opening [. In
compatibility mode, no attention is paid to the interpolation
depth.
In GNU troff, the tr request can map characters to the
unbreakable space escape sequence \~ as a special case (tr
normally operates only on characters). This feature replaces the
odd-parity tr mapping trick used in AT&T troff documents, where a
character, often ~, was “sacrificed” by mapping it to “nothing”,
drafting it into use as an unadjustable, unbreakable space.
(This feature was gratuitous even in early AT&T troff, which
supported the \space escape sequence by 1976.) Often, it makes
more sense to use GNU troff's \~ escape sequence instead, which
has been adopted by every other active troff implementation
except that of Illumos, as well as by the non-troff mandoc.
Translation of a character to \~ is unnecessary.
GNU troff permits tabs and spaces after the first dot on a
control line that ends a macro definition.
The page description language output by GNU troff is modeled
after that used by AT&T troff once the latter adopted a device-
independent approach in the early 1980s. Only the differences
are documented here. For a fuller discussion, see groff_out(5).
Glyph and font names can be of arbitrary length; postprocessors
should not assume that they are at most two characters. A glyph
to be formatted is always drawn from the current font; in
contrast to AT&T device-independent troff, drivers need not
search special fonts to find a glyph.
Units
The argument to the s command is in scaled points (units of
points/n, where n is the argument to the sizescale command in the
DESC file). The argument to the “x H” command is also in scaled
points.
Simple commands
If the tcommand directive is present in the output device's DESC
file, GNU troff employs the following two commands.
t xyz...
Typeset word xyz; that is, set a sequence of ordinary
glyphs named x, y, z, ..., terminated by a space or
newline; an optional second integer argument is ignored
(this allows the formatter to generate an even number of
arguments). Each glyph is set at the current drawing
position, and the position is then advanced horizontally
by the glyph's width. A glyph's width is read from its
metrics in the font description file, scaled to the
current type size, and rounded to a multiple of the
horizontal motion quantum. Use the C command to emplace
glyphs of special characters.
u n xyz...
Typeset word xyz with track kerning. As t, but after
placing each glyph, the drawing position is further
advanced horizontally by n basic units.
New commands implement color support.
mc cyan magenta yellow
md
mg gray
mk cyan magenta yellow black
mr red green blue
Set the components of the stroke color with respect to
various color spaces. md resets the stroke color to the
default value. The arguments are integers in the range 0
to 65535.
A new device control subcommand is available.
x u n If n is 1, start underlining of spaces. If n is 0, stop
underlining of spaces. This facility is needed for the cu
request in nroff mode and is ignored otherwise.
Extended drawing commands
GNU pic does not produce troff escape sequences employing these
extensions if its -n option is given.
Df n Set the shade of gray used to fill geometric objects to n,
which must be an integer. 0 corresponds to white and 1000
to black. A grayscale ramp spans the two. A value
outside this range uses the stroke color as the fill
color. The fill color is opaque. Normally the default is
black, but some drivers may provide a way of changing
this. Df is obsolete since 2002, superseded by DFg below.
The corresponding \D'f' escape sequence should not be
used: its argument is rounded to an integer multiple of
the horizontal motion quantum, which can limit the
precision of n.
DC d Draw a filled circle of diameter d with its leftmost point
at the drawing position.
DE h v Draw a filled ellipse, of horizontal axis h and vertical
axis v, with its leftmost point at the drawing position.
Dp dx1dy1...dxndyn
Draw a polygon with, for i=1,...,n+1, its ith vertex at
the drawing position +ij−=Σ11(dxj,dyj). groff output drivers
automatically close polygons, drawing a line from
(dxn,dyn) back to (dx1,dy1). The drawing position is left
at the last specified vertex, but this may change in a
future version of GNU troff. Heirloom Doctools troff,
like DWB troff, by default does not close the polygon. In
its groff compatibility mode, Heirloom closes the polygon
but leaves the drawing position unchanged—that is, at the
polygon's initial drawing position.
At the moment, GNU pic uses this command only to generate
triangles and rectangles.
DP dx1dy1...dxndyn
As Dp, but draw a filled rather than a stroked polygon.
Dt n Set the line thickness to n basic units. AT&T troff
output drivers use a thickness proportional to the type
size; this is the GNU troff default. A negative n
requests this explicitly. An n of zero selects the
smallest available line thickness.
A difficulty arises in how the drawing position should be changed
after the execution of these commands. This has little
importance to most users, since the output of GNU grn and pic
does not depend on it. Given a drawing command of the form Dz
x1y1...xnyn, where z is not c or e, AT&T troff treats each xi as
a horizontal motion, each yi as a vertical one, and therefore
assumes that the width of the drawn object is in=Σ1xi, and its
height is in=Σ1yi. (Verify its assumption about height by
examining the st and sb registers after using such a drawing
command in a \w escape sequence). For the sake of compatibility,
GNU troff also follows this rule, even though it frustrates
extensions to the D command that set drawing parameters rather
than rendering objects, producing ugly results in the case of Dt
and Df, or otherwise don't parameterize objects as a series of
vertices, as with GNU troff's filled ellipse, DE. Thus after
executing a D command of the form Dz x1y1...xnyn, the drawing
position should be increased by (in=Σ1xi,in=Σ1yi). In a future
release, GNU troff and its output drivers may abandon the
application of this assumption to drawing commands not explicitly
specified in the AT&T “Troff User's Manual”.
Fill color selection is implemented with another set of
extensions.
DFc cyan magenta yellow
DFd
DFg gray
DFk cyan magenta yellow black
DFr red green blue
Set the components of the fill color as described under
the \M escape sequence above. DFd restores the device's
default fill color. The drawing position is not updated,
in contrast to Df.
Device control syntax extension
GNU troff introduces a line continuation convention, permitting
the argument to the x X command to contain newlines. A newline
in the input is transformed to the sequence “newline+”. When
interpreting an x X command, a postprocessor should therefore be
prepared for a plus sign after a newline; if it occurs, preserve
the newline, discard the plus sign, and continue to collect the
input into the argument of the x X command. A newline not
followed by a plus sign terminates the x X command. An
application of this feature is the embedding of PostScript or PDF
language command streams into troff output.
GNU troff guarantees that the first three output commands it
emits are as follows.
x T device
x res n h v
x init
In addition to AT&T troff's debugging features, GNU troff emits
more error diagnostics when syntactical or semantic nonsense is
encountered and supports several warning categories; the output
of these can be selected with warn. Also see the -E, -w, and -W
options of troff(1). Backtraces can be automatically produced
when errors or warnings occur (the -b option of troff(1)) or
generated on demand (backtrace).
groff also adds more flexible diagnostic output requests (tmc and
tm1). More aspects of formatter state can be examined with
requests that write lists of defined colors (pcolor), composite
characters (pcomposite), environments (pev), hyphenation
exceptions (phw), registers (pnr), page location traps (ptr), and
a list of pending output nodes corresponding to the previous
input line (.pline) to the standard error stream.
GNU troff's features sometimes cause incompatibilities with
documents written assuming old implementations of troff. Some
GNU extensions to troff are supported by other implementations.
AT&T troff discards trailing spaces from input lines, like GNU
troff, but if it does so, AT&T troff also cancels end-of-sentence
detection. Use of the dummy character escape sequence \& is more
portable.
When adjusting to both margins, AT&T troff at first adjusts
spaces starting from the right; GNU troff begins from the left.
Both implementations adjust spaces from opposite ends on
alternating output lines to prevent “rivers” in the text.
GNU troff does not always hyphenate words as AT&T troff does.
The AT&T implementation uses a set of hard-coded rules specific
to U.S. English, while GNU troff uses language-specific
hyphenation pattern files derived from TeX. In some versions of
troff there was limited space to store hyphenation exceptions
(arguments to the hw request); GNU troff has no such restriction.
GNU troff handles the dummy character \& differently from AT&T
troff when it is followed by the hyphenation control escape
sequence \% at the beginning of a word. GNU troff does not
regard the dummy character as “starting” the word; AT&T troff
does. Further, Heirloom Doctools troff does not honor an
explicit hyphenation point marked with \% after a word-initial
one.
Some implementation differences between GNU and AT&T troffs are
thought too important to neglect; groff therefore makes available
a compatibility mode in an effort to keep documents prepared for
AT&T troff rendering well.
Identifier names of arbitrary length may be GNU troff's most
obvious innovation. AT&T troff interprets “.dsabcd” as defining
a string “ab” with contents “cd”. Normally, GNU troff interprets
this as a call of a macro named “dsabcd”. AT&T troff also
interprets \*[ and \n[ as an interpolation of a string or
register, respectively, called “[”. In GNU troff, however, the
“[” is normally interpreted as beginning the enclosure of a long
identifier. In compatibility mode, GNU troff interprets names in
the traditional way, which means that they are limited to one or
two characters. See the -C option in troff(1) and, above, the .C
and .cp registers, and cp and “do” requests, for more on
compatibility mode.
The register \n[.cp] is specialized and may require a statement
of rationale. When writing macro packages or documents that use
GNU troff features and which may be mixed with other packages or
documents that do not—common scenarios include serial processing
of man pages or use of the “so” or mso requests—you may desire
correct operation regardless of compatibility mode enablement in
the surrounding context. It may occur to you to save the
existing value of \n(.C into a register, say, _C, at the
beginning of your file, turn compatibility mode off with “.cp 0”,
then restore it from that register at the end with “.cp \n(_C”.
At the same time, a modular design of a document or macro package
may lead you to multiple layers of inclusion. You cannot use the
same register name everywhere lest you “clobber” the value from a
preceding or enclosing context. The two-character register name
space of AT&T troff is confining and mnemonically challenging;
you may wish to use GNU troff's more capacious name space.
However, attempting “.nr _my_saved_C \n(.C” will not work in
compatibility mode; the register name is too long. “This is
exactly what .do is for,” you think, “.do nr _my_saved_C \n(.C”.
The foregoing will always save zero to your register, because
“do” turns compatibility mode off while it interprets its
argument list.
The existence of the .T string is a common feature of post-
CSTR #54 troffs—DWB 3.3, Solaris, Heirloom Doctools, and Plan 9
troff all support it—but valid values are specific to each
implementation. The behavior of the .T register in GNU troff
differs from AT&T troff, which interpolated 1 only if nroff was
the formatter and was called with -T.
The lf request sets the number of the current input line in AT&T
troff, and the next in GNU troff.
AT&T troff had only environments named “0”, “1”, and “2”. In GNU
troff, any number of environments may exist, using any valid
identifiers for their names.
GNU troff normally tracks the interpolation depth of escape
sequence parameters and other delimited structures, but not in
compatibility mode. See section “Miscellaneous” above.
Further, the escape sequences \f, \H, \m, \M, \R, \s, and \S are
transparent at the beginning of an input line only in
compatibility mode.
GNU troff request names unrecognized by other troff
implementations will likely be ignored; escape sequences that are
GNU troff extensions are liable to format their function selector
character. For example, the adjustable, non-breaking space
escape sequence \~ is also supported by Heirloom Doctools troff
050915 (September 2005), mandoc 1.9.5 (2009-09-21), neatroff
(commit 1c6ab0f6e, 2016-09-13), and Plan 9 from User Space troff
(commit 93f8143600, 2022-08-12), but not by Solaris/Illumos
troffs, which will render it as ~.
GNU troff does not allow the use of the escape sequences \|, \^,
\&, \{, \}, \space, \', \`, \-, \_, \!, \%, or \c in identifiers;
AT&T troff does. The \A escape sequence (see subsection “Escape
sequences” above) may be helpful in avoiding their use.
Normally, the syntax form \sn accepts only a single character (a
digit) for n, consistently with other forms that originated in
AT&T troff, like \*, \$, \f, \g, \k, \n, and \z. In
compatibility mode only, a non-zero n must be in the range 4–39.
Legacy documents relying upon this quirk of parsing should be
migrated to another \s form. [Background: The Graphic Systems
C/A/T phototypesetter (the original device target for AT&T troff)
supported only a few discrete type sizes in the range 6–36
points, so Ossanna contrived a special case in the parser to do
what the user must have meant. Kernighan warned of this in the
1992 revision of CSTR #54 (§2.3), and more recently, McIlroy
referred to it as a “living fossil”.]
Fractional type size support causes an incompatibility. In AT&T
troff, the ps request ignores scaling units and thus “.ps 10u”
sets the type size to 10 points, whereas in GNU troff it sets the
type size to 10 scaled points, which may be a much smaller
measurement. See subsection “Fractional type sizes and new
scaling units” above.
The ab request differs from AT&T troff: GNU troff writes no
message to the standard error stream if no arguments are given,
and it exits with a failure status instead of a successful one.
The bp request differs from AT&T troff: GNU troff does not accept
a scaling unit on the argument, a page number; the former
(somewhat uselessly) does.
In AT&T troff the pm request reports macro, string, and diversion
sizes in units of 128-byte blocks, and an argument reduces the
report to a sum of the above in the same units. GNU troff
ignores any arguments and reports the sizes in bytes.
AT&T troff ignores the ss request if the output is a terminal
device; GNU troff rounds down the values of minimum inter-word
and additional inter-sentence space each to the nearest multiple
of 12.
In GNU troff there is a fundamental difference between
(unformatted) characters and (formatted) glyphs. Everything that
affects how a glyph is output is stored with the glyph node; once
a glyph node has been constructed, it is unaffected by any
subsequent requests that are executed, including bd, cs, tkf, tr,
or fp requests. Normally, glyphs are constructed from characters
immediately before the glyph is added to an output line. Macros,
diversions, and strings are all, in fact, the same type of
object; they contain a sequence of intermixed character and glyph
nodes. Special characters transform from one to the other:
before being added to the output, they behave as characters;
afterward, they are glyphs. A glyph node does not behave like a
character node when it is processed by a macro: it does not
inherit any of the special properties that the character from
which it was constructed might have had.
One way to format a backslash in most documents is with the \e
escape sequence; this formats the glyph of the current escape
character, regardless of whether it is used in a diversion; it
also works in both GNU troff and AT&T troff. (Naturally, if
you've changed the escape character, you need to prefix the “e”
with whatever it is—and you'll likely get something other than a
backslash in the output.)
The other correct way, appropriate in contexts independent of the
backslash's common use as a roff escape character—perhaps in
discussion of character sets or other programming languages—is
the character escape \(rs or \[rs], for “reverse solidus”, from
its name in the ECMA-6 (ISO/IEC 646) standard. [This escape
sequence is not portable to AT&T troff, but is to its lineal
descendant, Heirloom Doctools troff, as of its 060716 release
(July 2006).]
To store an escape sequence in a diversion that is interpreted
when the diversion is interpolated, either use the traditional \!
transparent output facility, or, if this is unsuitable, the new
\? escape sequence. See subsection “Escape sequences” above and
sections “Diversions” and “Gtroff Internals” in Groff: The GNU
Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual.
In the somewhat pathological case where a diversion exists
containing a partially collected line and a partially collected
line at the top-level diversion has never existed, AT&T troff
will output a partially collected but otherwise empty line (as if
“\c” were in the top-level diversion) at the end of input; GNU
troff will not.
Formatter output incompatibilities
Its extensions notwithstanding, GNU troff's output format has
some incompatibilities with that of AT&T troff, but better
compatibility is sought; problem reports and patches are welcome.
The following incompatibilities are known.
• The drawing position after rendering polygons is inconsistent
with AT&T troff practice. Other implementations have diverged
on this point as well.
• The output cannot be easily rescaled to other devices as AT&T
troff's could.
This document was written by James Clark ⟨jjc@jclark.com⟩, Werner
Lemberg ⟨wl@gnu.org⟩, Bernd Warken ⟨groff-bernd.warken-72@web
.de⟩, and G. Branden Robinson ⟨g.branden.robinson@gmail.com⟩.
Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and
Werner Lemberg, is the primary groff manual. You can browse it
interactively with “info groff”.
“Troff User's Manual” by Joseph F. Ossanna, 1976 (revised by
Brian W. Kernighan, 1992), AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing
Science Technical Report No. 54, widely called simply “CSTR #54”,
documents the language, device and font description file formats,
and output format referred to collectively in groff documentation
as AT&T troff.
“A Typesetter-independent TROFF” by Brian W. Kernighan, 1982,
AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report No. 97,
provides additional insights into the device and font description
file formats and output format.
groff(1), groff(7), roff(7)
This page is part of the groff (GNU troff) project. Information
about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩. If you have a bug report
for this manual page, see ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩.
This page was obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://git.savannah.gnu.org/git/groff.git⟩ on 2024-06-14. (At
that time, the date of the most recent commit that was found in
the repository was 2024-06-10.) If you discover any rendering
problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
man-pages@man7.org
groff 1.23.0.1273-9d53-dirty 6 June 2024 groff_diff(7)
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