tc-bpf(8) — Linux manual page

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | PARAMETERS | EXAMPLES | FURTHER READING | SEE ALSO | AUTHORS | COLOPHON

BPF classifie...actions in tc(8)  Linux BPF classifie...actions in tc(8)

NAME         top

       BPF - BPF programmable classifier and actions for ingress/egress
       queueing disciplines

SYNOPSIS         top

   eBPF classifier (filter) or action:
       tc filter ... bpf [ object-file OBJ_FILE ] [ section CLS_NAME ] [
       export UDS_FILE ] [ verbose ] [ direct-action | da ] [ skip_hw |
       skip_sw ] [ police POLICE_SPEC ] [ action ACTION_SPEC ] [ classid
       CLASSID ]
       tc action ... bpf [ object-file OBJ_FILE ] [ section CLS_NAME ] [
       export UDS_FILE ] [ verbose ]

   cBPF classifier (filter) or action:
       tc filter ... bpf [ bytecode-file BPF_FILE | bytecode
       BPF_BYTECODE ] [ police POLICE_SPEC ] [ action ACTION_SPEC ] [
       classid CLASSID ]
       tc action ... bpf [ bytecode-file BPF_FILE | bytecode
       BPF_BYTECODE ]

DESCRIPTION         top

       Extended Berkeley Packet Filter ( eBPF ) and classic Berkeley
       Packet Filter (originally known as BPF, for better distinction
       referred to as cBPF here) are both available as a fully
       programmable and highly efficient classifier and actions. They
       both offer a minimal instruction set for implementing small
       programs which can safely be loaded into the kernel and thus
       executed in a tiny virtual machine from kernel space. An in-
       kernel verifier guarantees that a specified program always
       terminates and neither crashes nor leaks data from the kernel.

       In Linux, it's generally considered that eBPF is the successor of
       cBPF.  The kernel internally transforms cBPF expressions into
       eBPF expressions and executes the latter. Execution of them can
       be performed in an interpreter or at setup time, they can be
       just-in-time compiled (JIT'ed) to run as native machine code.

       Currently, the eBPF JIT compiler is available for the following
       architectures:

       *   x86_64 (since Linux 3.18)
       *   arm64 (since Linux 3.18)
       *   s390 (since Linux 4.1)
       *   ppc64 (since Linux 4.8)
       *   sparc64 (since Linux 4.12)
       *   mips64 (since Linux 4.13)
       *   arm32 (since Linux 4.14)
       *   x86_32 (since Linux 4.18)

       Whereas the following architectures have cBPF, but did not (yet)
       switch to eBPF JIT support:

       *   ppc32
       *   sparc32
       *   mips32

       eBPF's instruction set has similar underlying principles as the
       cBPF instruction set, it however is modelled closer to the
       underlying architecture to better mimic native instruction sets
       with the aim to achieve a better run-time performance. It is
       designed to be JIT'ed with a one to one mapping, which can also
       open up the possibility for compilers to generate optimized eBPF
       code through an eBPF backend that performs almost as fast as
       natively compiled code. Given that LLVM provides such an eBPF
       backend, eBPF programs can therefore easily be programmed in a
       subset of the C language. Other than that, eBPF infrastructure
       also comes with a construct called "maps". eBPF maps are
       key/value stores that are shared between multiple eBPF programs,
       but also between eBPF programs and user space applications.

       For the traffic control subsystem, classifier and actions that
       can be attached to ingress and egress qdiscs can be written in
       eBPF or cBPF. The advantage over other classifier and actions is
       that eBPF/cBPF provides the generic framework, while users can
       implement their highly specialized use cases efficiently. This
       means that the classifier or action written that way will not
       suffer from feature bloat, and can therefore execute its task
       highly efficient. It allows for non-linear classification and
       even merging the action part into the classification. Combined
       with efficient eBPF map data structures, user space can push new
       policies like classids into the kernel without reloading a
       classifier, or it can gather statistics that are pushed into one
       map and use another one for dynamically load balancing traffic
       based on the determined load, just to provide a few examples.

PARAMETERS         top

   object-file
       points to an object file that has an executable and linkable
       format (ELF) and contains eBPF opcodes and eBPF map definitions.
       The LLVM compiler infrastructure with clang(1) as a C language
       front end is one project that supports emitting eBPF object files
       that can be passed to the eBPF classifier (more details in the
       EXAMPLES section). This option is mandatory when an eBPF
       classifier or action is to be loaded.

   section
       is the name of the ELF section from the object file, where the
       eBPF classifier or action resides. By default the section name
       for the classifier is called "classifier", and for the action
       "action". Given that a single object file can contain multiple
       classifier and actions, the corresponding section name needs to
       be specified, if it differs from the defaults.

   export
       points to a Unix domain socket file. In case the eBPF object file
       also contains a section named "maps" with eBPF map
       specifications, then the map file descriptors can be handed off
       via the Unix domain socket to an eBPF "agent" herding all
       descriptors after tc lifetime. This can be some third party
       application implementing the IPC counterpart for the import, that
       uses them for calling into bpf(2) system call to read out or
       update eBPF map data from user space, for example, for monitoring
       purposes or to push down new policies.

   verbose
       if set, it will dump the eBPF verifier output, even if loading
       the eBPF program was successful. By default, only on error, the
       verifier log is being emitted to the user.

   direct-action | da
       instructs eBPF classifier to not invoke external TC actions,
       instead use the TC actions return codes (TC_ACT_OK, TC_ACT_SHOT
       etc.) for classifiers.

   skip_hw | skip_sw
       hardware offload control flags. By default TC will try to offload
       filters to hardware if possible.  skip_hw explicitly disables the
       attempt to offload.  skip_sw forces the offload and disables
       running the eBPF program in the kernel.  If hardware offload is
       not possible and this flag was set kernel will report an error
       and filter will not be installed at all.

   police
       is an optional parameter for an eBPF/cBPF classifier that
       specifies a police in tc(1) which is attached to the classifier,
       for example, on an ingress qdisc.

   action
       is an optional parameter for an eBPF/cBPF classifier that
       specifies a subsequent action in tc(1) which is attached to a
       classifier.

   classid
   flowid
       provides the default traffic control class identifier for this
       eBPF/cBPF classifier. The default class identifier can also be
       overwritten by the return code of the eBPF/cBPF program. A
       default return code of -1 specifies the here provided default
       class identifier to be used. A return code of the eBPF/cBPF
       program of 0 implies that no match took place, and a return code
       other than these two will override the default classid. This
       allows for efficient, non-linear classification with only a
       single eBPF/cBPF program as opposed to having multiple individual
       programs for various class identifiers which would need to
       reparse packet contents.

   bytecode
       is being used for loading cBPF classifier and actions only. The
       cBPF bytecode is directly passed as a text string in the form of
       's,c t f k,c t f k,c t f k,...'  , where s denotes the number of
       subsequent 4-tuples. One such 4-tuple consists of c t f k
       decimals, where c represents the cBPF opcode, t the jump true
       offset target, f the jump false offset target and k the immediate
       constant/literal. There are various tools that generate code in
       this loadable format, for example, bpf_asm that ships with the
       Linux kernel source tree under tools/net/ , so it is certainly
       not expected to hack this by hand. The bytecode or bytecode-file
       option is mandatory when a cBPF classifier or action is to be
       loaded.

   bytecode-file
       also being used to load a cBPF classifier or action. It's
       effectively the same as bytecode only that the cBPF bytecode is
       not passed directly via command line, but rather resides in a
       text file.

EXAMPLES         top

   eBPF TOOLING
       A full blown example including eBPF agent code can be found
       inside the iproute2 source package under: examples/bpf/

       As prerequisites, the kernel needs to have the eBPF system call
       namely bpf(2) enabled and ships with cls_bpf and act_bpf kernel
       modules for the traffic control subsystem. To enable eBPF/eBPF
       JIT support, depending which of the two the given architecture
       supports:

           echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable

       A given restricted C file can be compiled via LLVM as:

           clang -O2 -emit-llvm -c bpf.c -o - | llc -march=bpf
           -filetype=obj -o bpf.o

       The compiler invocation might still simplify in future, so for
       now, it's quite handy to alias this construct in one way or
       another, for example:

           __bcc() {
                   clang -O2 -emit-llvm -c $1 -o - | \
                   llc -march=bpf -filetype=obj -o "`basename $1 .c`.o"
           }

           alias bcc=__bcc

       A minimal, stand-alone unit, which matches on all traffic with
       the default classid (return code of -1) looks like:

           #include <linux/bpf.h>

           #ifndef __section
           # define __section(x)  __attribute__((section(x), used))
           #endif

           __section("classifier") int cls_main(struct __sk_buff *skb)
           {
                   return -1;
           }

           char __license[] __section("license") = "GPL";

       More examples can be found further below in subsection eBPF
       PROGRAMMING as focus here will be on tooling.

       There can be various other sections, for example, also for
       actions.  Thus, an object file in eBPF can contain multiple
       entrance points.  Always a specific entrance point, however, must
       be specified when configuring with tc. A license must be part of
       the restricted C code and the license string syntax is the same
       as with Linux kernel modules.  The kernel reserves its right that
       some eBPF helper functions can be restricted to GPL compatible
       licenses only, and thus may reject a program from loading into
       the kernel when such a license mismatch occurs.

       The resulting object file from the compilation can be inspected
       with the usual set of tools that also operate on normal object
       files, for example objdump(1) for inspecting ELF section headers:

           objdump -h bpf.o
           [...]
           3 classifier    000007f8  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00000040  2**3
                           CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, RELOC, READONLY, CODE
           4 action-mark   00000088  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00000838  2**3
                           CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, RELOC, READONLY, CODE
           5 action-rand   00000098  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  000008c0  2**3
                           CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, RELOC, READONLY, CODE
           6 maps          00000030  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00000958  2**2
                           CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
           7 license       00000004  0000000000000000  0000000000000000  00000988  2**0
                           CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
           [...]

       Adding an eBPF classifier from an object file that contains a
       classifier in the default ELF section is trivial (note that
       instead of "object-file" also shortcuts such as "obj" can be
       used):

           bcc bpf.c
           tc filter add dev em1 parent 1: bpf obj bpf.o flowid 1:1

       In case the classifier resides in ELF section "mycls", then that
       same command needs to be invoked as:

           tc filter add dev em1 parent 1: bpf obj bpf.o sec mycls
           flowid 1:1

       Dumping the classifier configuration will tell the location of
       the classifier, in other words that it's from object file "bpf.o"
       under section "mycls":

           tc filter show dev em1
           filter parent 1: protocol all pref 49152 bpf
           filter parent 1: protocol all pref 49152 bpf handle 0x1
           flowid 1:1 bpf.o:[mycls]

       The same program can also be installed on ingress qdisc side as
       opposed to egress ...

           tc qdisc add dev em1 handle ffff: ingress
           tc filter add dev em1 parent ffff: bpf obj bpf.o sec mycls
           flowid ffff:1

       ... and again dumped from there:

           tc filter show dev em1 parent ffff:
           filter protocol all pref 49152 bpf
           filter protocol all pref 49152 bpf handle 0x1 flowid ffff:1
           bpf.o:[mycls]

       Attaching a classifier and action on ingress has the restriction
       that it doesn't have an actual underlying queueing discipline.
       What ingress can do is to classify, mangle, redirect or drop
       packets. When queueing is required on ingress side, then ingress
       must redirect packets to the ifb device, otherwise policing can
       be used. Moreover, ingress can be used to have an early drop
       point of unwanted packets before they hit upper layers of the
       networking stack, perform network accounting with eBPF maps that
       could be shared with egress, or have an early mangle and/or
       redirection point to different networking devices.

       Multiple eBPF actions and classifier can be placed into a single
       object file within various sections. In that case, non-default
       section names must be provided, which is the case for both
       actions in this example:

           tc filter add dev em1 parent 1: bpf obj bpf.o flowid 1:1 \
                                    action bpf obj bpf.o sec action-mark
                                    \
                                    action bpf obj bpf.o sec action-rand
                                    ok

       The advantage of this is that the classifier and the two actions
       can then share eBPF maps with each other, if implemented in the
       programs.

       In order to access eBPF maps from user space beyond tc(8) setup
       lifetime, the ownership can be transferred to an eBPF agent via
       Unix domain sockets. There are two possibilities for implementing
       this:

       1) implementation of an own eBPF agent that takes care of setting
       up the Unix domain socket and implementing the protocol that
       tc(8) dictates. A code example of this can be found inside the
       iproute2 source package under: examples/bpf/

       2) use tc exec for transferring the eBPF map file descriptors
       through a Unix domain socket, and spawning an application such as
       sh(1) . This approach's advantage is that tc will place the file
       descriptors into the environment and thus make them available
       just like stdin, stdout, stderr file descriptors, meaning, in
       case user applications run from within this fd-owner shell, they
       can terminate and restart without losing eBPF maps file
       descriptors. Example invocation with the previous classifier and
       action mixture:

           tc exec bpf imp /tmp/bpf
           tc filter add dev em1 parent 1: bpf obj bpf.o exp /tmp/bpf
           flowid 1:1 \
                                    action bpf obj bpf.o sec action-mark
                                    \
                                    action bpf obj bpf.o sec action-rand
                                    ok

       Assuming that eBPF maps are shared with classifier and actions,
       it's enough to export them once, for example, from within the
       classifier or action command. tc will setup all eBPF map file
       descriptors at the time when the object file is first parsed.

       When a shell has been spawned, the environment will have a couple
       of eBPF related variables. BPF_NUM_MAPS provides the total number
       of maps that have been transferred over the Unix domain socket.
       BPF_MAP<X>'s value is the file descriptor number that can be
       accessed in eBPF agent applications, in other words, it can
       directly be used as the file descriptor value for the bpf(2)
       system call to retrieve or alter eBPF map values. <X> denotes the
       identifier of the eBPF map. It corresponds to the id member of
       struct bpf_elf_map  from the tc eBPF map specification.

       The environment in this example looks as follows:

           sh# env | grep BPF
               BPF_NUM_MAPS=3
               BPF_MAP1=6
               BPF_MAP0=5
               BPF_MAP2=7
           sh# ls -la /proc/self/fd
               [...]
               lrwx------. 1 root root 64 Apr 14 16:46 5 -> anon_inode:bpf-map
               lrwx------. 1 root root 64 Apr 14 16:46 6 -> anon_inode:bpf-map
               lrwx------. 1 root root 64 Apr 14 16:46 7 -> anon_inode:bpf-map
           sh# my_bpf_agent

       eBPF agents are very useful in that they can prepopulate eBPF
       maps from user space, monitor statistics via maps and based on
       that feedback, for example, rewrite classids in eBPF map values
       during runtime. Given that eBPF agents are implemented as normal
       applications, they can also dynamically receive traffic control
       policies from external controllers and thus push them down into
       eBPF maps to dynamically adapt to network conditions. Moreover,
       eBPF maps can also be shared with other eBPF program types (e.g.
       tracing), thus very powerful combination can therefore be
       implemented.

   eBPF PROGRAMMING
       eBPF classifier and actions are being implemented in restricted C
       syntax (in future, there could additionally be new language
       frontends supported).

       The header file linux/bpf.h provides eBPF helper functions that
       can be called from an eBPF program.  This man page will only
       provide two minimal, stand-alone examples, have a look at
       examples/bpf from the iproute2 source package for a fully fledged
       flow dissector example to better demonstrate some of the
       possibilities with eBPF.

       Supported 32 bit classifier return codes from the C program and
       their meanings:
           0 , denotes a mismatch
           -1 , denotes the default classid configured from the command
           line
           else , everything else will override the default classid to
           provide a facility for non-linear matching

       Supported 32 bit action return codes from the C program and their
       meanings ( linux/pkt_cls.h ):
           TC_ACT_OK (0) , will terminate the packet processing pipeline
           and allows the packet to proceed
           TC_ACT_SHOT (2) , will terminate the packet processing
           pipeline and drops the packet
           TC_ACT_UNSPEC (-1) , will use the default action configured
           from tc (similarly as returning -1 from a classifier)
           TC_ACT_PIPE (3) , will iterate to the next action, if
           available
           TC_ACT_RECLASSIFY (1) , will terminate the packet processing
           pipeline and start classification from the beginning
           else , everything else is an unspecified return code

       Both classifier and action return codes are supported in eBPF and
       cBPF programs.

       To demonstrate restricted C syntax, a minimal toy classifier
       example is provided, which assumes that egress packets, for
       instance originating from a container, have previously been
       marked in interval [0, 255]. The program keeps statistics on
       different marks for user space and maps the classid to the root
       qdisc with the marking itself as the minor handle:

           #include <stdint.h>
           #include <asm/types.h>

           #include <linux/bpf.h>
           #include <linux/pkt_sched.h>

           #include "helpers.h"

           struct tuple {
                   long packets;
                   long bytes;
           };

           #define BPF_MAP_ID_STATS        1 /* agent's map identifier */
           #define BPF_MAX_MARK            256

           struct bpf_elf_map __section("maps") map_stats = {
                   .type           =       BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY,
                   .id             =       BPF_MAP_ID_STATS,
                   .size_key       =       sizeof(uint32_t),
                   .size_value     =       sizeof(struct tuple),
                   .max_elem       =       BPF_MAX_MARK,
                   .pinning        =       PIN_GLOBAL_NS,
           };

           static inline void cls_update_stats(const struct __sk_buff *skb,
                                               uint32_t mark)
           {
                   struct tuple *tu;

                   tu = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&map_stats, &mark);
                   if (likely(tu)) {
                           __sync_fetch_and_add(&tu->packets, 1);
                           __sync_fetch_and_add(&tu->bytes, skb->len);
                   }
           }

           __section("cls") int cls_main(struct __sk_buff *skb)
           {
                   uint32_t mark = skb->mark;

                   if (unlikely(mark >= BPF_MAX_MARK))
                           return 0;

                   cls_update_stats(skb, mark);

                   return TC_H_MAKE(TC_H_ROOT, mark);
           }

           char __license[] __section("license") = "GPL";

       Another small example is a port redirector which demuxes
       destination port 80 into the interval [8080, 8087] steered by
       RSS, that can then be attached to ingress qdisc. The exercise of
       adding the egress counterpart and IPv6 support is left to the
       reader:

           #include <asm/types.h>
           #include <asm/byteorder.h>

           #include <linux/bpf.h>
           #include <linux/filter.h>
           #include <linux/in.h>
           #include <linux/if_ether.h>
           #include <linux/ip.h>
           #include <linux/tcp.h>

           #include "helpers.h"

           static inline void set_tcp_dport(struct __sk_buff *skb, int nh_off,
                                            __u16 old_port, __u16 new_port)
           {
                   bpf_l4_csum_replace(skb, nh_off + offsetof(struct tcphdr, check),
                                       old_port, new_port, sizeof(new_port));
                   bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, nh_off + offsetof(struct tcphdr, dest),
                                       &new_port, sizeof(new_port), 0);
           }

           static inline int lb_do_ipv4(struct __sk_buff *skb, int nh_off)
           {
                   __u16 dport, dport_new = 8080, off;
                   __u8 ip_proto, ip_vl;

                   ip_proto = load_byte(skb, nh_off +
                                        offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol));
                   if (ip_proto != IPPROTO_TCP)
                           return 0;

                   ip_vl = load_byte(skb, nh_off);
                   if (likely(ip_vl == 0x45))
                           nh_off += sizeof(struct iphdr);
                   else
                           nh_off += (ip_vl & 0xF) << 2;

                   dport = load_half(skb, nh_off + offsetof(struct tcphdr, dest));
                   if (dport != 80)
                           return 0;

                   off = skb->queue_mapping & 7;
                   set_tcp_dport(skb, nh_off - BPF_LL_OFF, __constant_htons(80),
                                 __cpu_to_be16(dport_new + off));
                   return -1;
           }

           __section("lb") int lb_main(struct __sk_buff *skb)
           {
                   int ret = 0, nh_off = BPF_LL_OFF + ETH_HLEN;

                   if (likely(skb->protocol == __constant_htons(ETH_P_IP)))
                           ret = lb_do_ipv4(skb, nh_off);

                   return ret;
           }

           char __license[] __section("license") = "GPL";

       The related helper header file helpers.h in both examples was:

           /* Misc helper macros. */
           #define __section(x) __attribute__((section(x), used))
           #define offsetof(x, y) __builtin_offsetof(x, y)
           #define likely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
           #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)

           /* Object pinning settings */
           #define PIN_NONE       0
           #define PIN_OBJECT_NS  1
           #define PIN_GLOBAL_NS  2

           /* ELF map definition */
           struct bpf_elf_map {
               __u32 type;
               __u32 size_key;
               __u32 size_value;
               __u32 max_elem;
               __u32 flags;
               __u32 id;
               __u32 pinning;
               __u32 inner_id;
               __u32 inner_idx;
           };

           /* Some used BPF function calls. */
           static int (*bpf_skb_store_bytes)(void *ctx, int off, void *from,
                                             int len, int flags) =
                 (void *) BPF_FUNC_skb_store_bytes;
           static int (*bpf_l4_csum_replace)(void *ctx, int off, int from,
                                             int to, int flags) =
                 (void *) BPF_FUNC_l4_csum_replace;
           static void *(*bpf_map_lookup_elem)(void *map, void *key) =
                 (void *) BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem;

           /* Some used BPF intrinsics. */
           unsigned long long load_byte(void *skb, unsigned long long off)
               asm ("llvm.bpf.load.byte");
           unsigned long long load_half(void *skb, unsigned long long off)
               asm ("llvm.bpf.load.half");

       Best practice, we recommend to only have a single eBPF classifier
       loaded in tc and perform all necessary matching and mangling from
       there instead of a list of individual classifier and separate
       actions. Just a single classifier tailored for a given use-case
       will be most efficient to run.

   eBPF DEBUGGING
       Both tc filter and action commands for bpf support an optional
       verbose parameter that can be used to inspect the eBPF verifier
       log. It is dumped by default in case of an error.

       In case the eBPF/cBPF JIT compiler has been enabled, it can also
       be instructed to emit a debug output of the resulting opcode
       image into the kernel log, which can be read via dmesg(1) :

           echo 2 > /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable

       The Linux kernel source tree ships additionally under tools/net/
       a small helper called bpf_jit_disasm that reads out the opcode
       image dump from the kernel log and dumps the resulting
       disassembly:

           bpf_jit_disasm -o

       Other than that, the Linux kernel also contains an extensive
       eBPF/cBPF test suite module called test_bpf . Upon ...

           modprobe test_bpf

       ... it performs a diversity of test cases and dumps the results
       into the kernel log that can be inspected with dmesg(1) . The
       results can differ depending on whether the JIT compiler is
       enabled or not. In case of failed test cases, the module will
       fail to load. In such cases, we urge you to file a bug report to
       the related JIT authors, Linux kernel and networking mailing
       lists.

   cBPF
       Although we generally recommend switching to implementing eBPF
       classifier and actions, for the sake of completeness, a few words
       on how to program in cBPF will be lost here.

       Likewise, the bpf_jit_enable switch can be enabled as mentioned
       already. Tooling such as bpf_jit_disasm is also independent
       whether eBPF or cBPF code is being loaded.

       Unlike in eBPF, classifier and action are not implemented in
       restricted C, but rather in a minimal assembler-like language or
       with the help of other tooling.

       The raw interface with tc takes opcodes directly. For example,
       the most minimal classifier matching on every packet resulting in
       the default classid of 1:1 looks like:

           tc filter add dev em1 parent 1: bpf bytecode '1,6 0 0
           4294967295,' flowid 1:1

       The first decimal of the bytecode sequence denotes the number of
       subsequent 4-tuples of cBPF opcodes. As mentioned, such a 4-tuple
       consists of c t f k decimals, where c represents the cBPF opcode,
       t the jump true offset target, f the jump false offset target and
       k the immediate constant/literal. Here, this denotes an
       unconditional return from the program with immediate value of -1.

       Thus, for egress classification, Willem de Bruijn implemented a
       minimal stand-alone helper tool under the GNU General Public
       License version 2 for iptables(8) BPF extension, which abuses the
       libpcap internal classic BPF compiler, his code derived here for
       usage with tc(8) :

           #include <pcap.h>
           #include <stdio.h>

           int main(int argc, char **argv)
           {
                   struct bpf_program prog;
                   struct bpf_insn *ins;
                   int i, ret, dlt = DLT_RAW;

                   if (argc < 2 || argc > 3)
                           return 1;
                   if (argc == 3) {
                           dlt = pcap_datalink_name_to_val(argv[1]);
                           if (dlt == -1)
                                   return 1;
                   }

                   ret = pcap_compile_nopcap(-1, dlt, &prog, argv[argc - 1],
                                             1, PCAP_NETMASK_UNKNOWN);
                   if (ret)
                           return 1;

                   printf("%d,", prog.bf_len);
                   ins = prog.bf_insns;

                   for (i = 0; i < prog.bf_len - 1; ++ins, ++i)
                           printf("%u %u %u %u,", ins->code,
                                  ins->jt, ins->jf, ins->k);
                   printf("%u %u %u %u",
                          ins->code, ins->jt, ins->jf, ins->k);

                   pcap_freecode(&prog);
                   return 0;
           }

       Given this small helper, any tcpdump(8) filter expression can be
       abused as a classifier where a match will result in the default
       classid:

           bpftool EN10MB 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn != 0' > /var/bpf/tcp-
           syn
           tc filter add dev em1 parent 1: bpf bytecode-file
           /var/bpf/tcp-syn flowid 1:1

       Basically, such a minimal generator is equivalent to:

           tcpdump -iem1 -ddd 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn != 0' | tr '\n'
           ',' > /var/bpf/tcp-syn

       Since libpcap does not support all Linux' specific cBPF
       extensions in its compiler, the Linux kernel also ships under
       tools/net/ a minimal BPF assembler called bpf_asm for providing
       full control. For detailed syntax and semantics on implementing
       such programs by hand, see references under FURTHER READING .

       Trivial toy example in bpf_asm for classifying IPv4/TCP packets,
       saved in a text file called foobar :

           ldh [12]
           jne #0x800, drop
           ldb [23]
           jneq #6, drop
           ret #-1
           drop: ret #0

       Similarly, such a classifier can be loaded as:

           bpf_asm foobar > /var/bpf/tcp-syn
           tc filter add dev em1 parent 1: bpf bytecode-file
           /var/bpf/tcp-syn flowid 1:1

       For BPF classifiers, the Linux kernel provides additionally under
       tools/net/ a small BPF debugger called bpf_dbg , which can be
       used to test a classifier against pcap files, single-step or add
       various breakpoints into the classifier program and dump register
       contents during runtime.

       Implementing an action in classic BPF is rather limited in the
       sense that packet mangling is not supported. Therefore, it's
       generally recommended to make the switch to eBPF, whenever
       possible.

FURTHER READING         top

       Further and more technical details about the BPF architecture can
       be found in the Linux kernel source tree under
       Documentation/networking/filter.txt .

       Further details on eBPF tc(8) examples can be found in the
       iproute2 source tree under examples/bpf/ .

SEE ALSO         top

       tc(8), tc-ematch(8) bpf(2) bpf(4)

AUTHORS         top

       Manpage written by Daniel Borkmann.

       Please report corrections or improvements to the Linux kernel
       networking mailing list: <netdev@vger.kernel.org>

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the iproute2 (utilities for controlling
       TCP/IP networking and traffic) project.  Information about the
       project can be found at 
       ⟨http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2⟩.
       If you have a bug report for this manual page, send it to
       netdev@vger.kernel.org, shemminger@osdl.org.  This page was
       obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
       ⟨https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/network/iproute2/iproute2.git⟩ on
       2023-12-22.  (At that time, the date of the most recent commit
       that was found in the repository was 2023-12-20.)  If you
       discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page,
       or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for
       the page, or you have corrections or improvements to the
       information in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original
       manual page), send a mail to man-pages@man7.org

iproute2                       18 May 201B5PF classifie...actions in tc(8)

Pages that refer to this page: bpf(2)bpf-helpers(7)tc(8)tc-actions(8)