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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | FORMATTING AND WORDING CONVENTIONS | STYLE GUIDE | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
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man-pages(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual man-pages(7)
man-pages - conventions for writing Linux man pages
man [section] title
This page describes the conventions that should be employed when
writing man pages for the Linux man-pages project, which
documents the user-space API provided by the Linux kernel and the
GNU C library. The project thus provides most of the pages in
Section 2, many of the pages that appear in Sections 3, 4, and 7,
and a few of the pages that appear in Sections 1, 5, and 8 of the
man pages on a Linux system. The conventions described on this
page may also be useful for authors writing man pages for other
projects.
Sections of the manual pages
The manual Sections are traditionally defined as follows:
1 User commands (Programs)
Commands that can be executed by the user from within a
shell.
2 System calls
Functions which wrap operations performed by the kernel.
3 Library calls
All library functions excluding the system call wrappers
(Most of the libc functions).
4 Special files (devices)
Files found in /dev which allow to access to devices
through the kernel.
5 File formats and configuration files
Describes various human-readable file formats and
configuration files.
6 Games
Games and funny little programs available on the system.
7 Overview, conventions, and miscellaneous
Overviews or descriptions of various topics, conventions,
and protocols, character set standards, the standard
filesystem layout, and miscellaneous other things.
8 System management commands
Commands like mount(8), many of which only root can
execute.
Macro package
New manual pages should be marked up using the groff an.tmac
package described in man(7). This choice is mainly for
consistency: the vast majority of existing Linux manual pages are
marked up using these macros.
Conventions for source file layout
Please limit source code line length to no more than about 75
characters wherever possible. This helps avoid line-wrapping in
some mail clients when patches are submitted inline.
Title line
The first command in a man page should be a TH command:
.TH title section date source manual-section
The arguments of the command are as follows:
title The title of the man page, written in all caps (e.g., MAN-
PAGES).
section
The section number in which the man page should be placed
(e.g., 7).
date The date of the last nontrivial change that was made to
the man page. (Within the man-pages project, the
necessary updates to these timestamps are handled
automatically by scripts, so there is no need to manually
update them as part of a patch.) Dates should be written
in the form YYYY-MM-DD.
source The name and version of the project that provides the
manual page (not necessarily the package that provides the
functionality).
manual-section
Normally, this should be empty, since the default value
will be good.
Sections within a manual page
The list below shows conventional or suggested sections. Most
manual pages should include at least the highlighted sections.
Arrange a new manual page so that sections are placed in the
order shown in the list.
NAME
LIBRARY [Normally only in Sections 2, 3]
SYNOPSIS
CONFIGURATION [Normally only in Section 4]
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS [Normally only in Sections 1, 8]
EXIT STATUS [Normally only in Sections 1, 8]
RETURN VALUE [Normally only in Sections 2, 3]
ERRORS [Typically only in Sections 2, 3]
ENVIRONMENT
FILES
ATTRIBUTES [Normally only in Sections 2, 3]
VERSIONS [Normally only in Sections 2, 3]
STANDARDS
HISTORY
NOTES
CAVEATS
BUGS
EXAMPLES
AUTHORS [Discouraged]
REPORTING BUGS [Not used in man-pages]
COPYRIGHT [Not used in man-pages]
SEE ALSO
Where a traditional heading would apply, please use it; this kind
of consistency can make the information easier to understand. If
you must, you can create your own headings if they make things
easier to understand (this can be especially useful for pages in
Sections 4 and 5). However, before doing this, consider whether
you could use the traditional headings, with some subsections
(.SS) within those sections.
The following list elaborates on the contents of each of the
above sections.
NAME The name of this manual page.
See man(7) for important details of the line(s) that
should follow the .SH NAME command. All words in this
line (including the word immediately following the "\-")
should be in lowercase, except where English or technical
terminological convention dictates otherwise.
LIBRARY
The library providing a symbol.
It shows the common name of the library, and in
parentheses, the name of the library file and, if needed,
the linker flag needed to link a program against it:
(libfoo[, -lfoo]).
SYNOPSIS
A brief summary of the command or function's interface.
For commands, this shows the syntax of the command and its
arguments (including options); boldface is used for as-is
text and italics are used to indicate replaceable
arguments. Brackets ([]) surround optional arguments,
vertical bars (|) separate choices, and ellipses (...) can
be repeated. For functions, it shows any required data
declarations or #include directives, followed by the
function declaration.
Where a feature test macro must be defined in order to
obtain the declaration of a function (or a variable) from
a header file, then the SYNOPSIS should indicate this, as
described in feature_test_macros(7).
CONFIGURATION
Configuration details for a device.
This section normally appears only in Section 4 pages.
DESCRIPTION
An explanation of what the program, function, or format
does.
Discuss how it interacts with files and standard input,
and what it produces on standard output or standard error.
Omit internals and implementation details unless they're
critical for understanding the interface. Describe the
usual case; for information on command-line options of a
program use the OPTIONS section.
When describing new behavior or new flags for a system
call or library function, be careful to note the kernel or
C library version that introduced the change. The
preferred method of noting this information for flags is
as part of a .TP list, in the following form (here, for a
new system call flag):
XYZ_FLAG (since Linux 3.7)
Description of flag...
Including version information is especially useful to
users who are constrained to using older kernel or C
library versions (which is typical in embedded systems,
for example).
OPTIONS
A description of the command-line options accepted by a
program and how they change its behavior.
This section should appear only for Section 1 and 8 manual
pages.
EXIT STATUS
A list of the possible exit status values of a program and
the conditions that cause these values to be returned.
This section should appear only for Section 1 and 8 manual
pages.
RETURN VALUE
For Section 2 and 3 pages, this section gives a list of
the values the library routine will return to the caller
and the conditions that cause these values to be returned.
ERRORS For Section 2 and 3 manual pages, this is a list of the
values that may be placed in errno in the event of an
error, along with information about the cause of the
errors.
Where several different conditions produce the same error,
the preferred approach is to create separate list entries
(with duplicate error names) for each of the conditions.
This makes the separate conditions clear, may make the
list easier to read, and allows metainformation (e.g.,
kernel version number where the condition first became
applicable) to be more easily marked for each condition.
The error list should be in alphabetical order.
ENVIRONMENT
A list of all environment variables that affect the
program or function and how they affect it.
FILES A list of the files the program or function uses, such as
configuration files, startup files, and files the program
directly operates on.
Give the full pathname of these files, and use the
installation process to modify the directory part to match
user preferences. For many programs, the default
installation location is in /usr/local, so your base
manual page should use /usr/local as the base.
ATTRIBUTES
A summary of various attributes of the function(s)
documented on this page. See attributes(7) for further
details.
VERSIONS
A summary of systems where the API performs differently,
or where there's a similar API.
STANDARDS
A description of any standards or conventions that relate
to the function or command described by the manual page.
The preferred terms to use for the various standards are
listed as headings in standards(7).
This section should note the current standards to which
the API conforms to.
If the API is not governed by any standards but commonly
exists on other systems, note them. If the call is Linux-
specific or GNU-specific, note this. If it's available in
the BSDs, note that.
If this section consists of just a list of standards
(which it commonly does), terminate the list with a period
('.').
HISTORY
A brief summary of the Linux kernel or glibc versions
where a system call or library function appeared, or
changed significantly in its operation.
As a general rule, every new interface should include a
HISTORY section in its manual page. Unfortunately, many
existing manual pages don't include this information
(since there was no policy to do so when they were
written). Patches to remedy this are welcome, but, from
the perspective of programmers writing new code, this
information probably matters only in the case of kernel
interfaces that have been added in Linux 2.4 or later
(i.e., changes since Linux 2.2), and library functions
that have been added to glibc since glibc 2.1 (i.e.,
changes since glibc 2.0).
The syscalls(2) manual page also provides information
about kernel versions in which various system calls first
appeared.
Old versions of standards should be mentioned here, rather than
in STANDARDS, for example, SUS, SUSv2, and XPG, or the SVr4 and
4.xBSD implementation standards.
NOTES Miscellaneous notes.
For Section 2 and 3 man pages you may find it useful to
include subsections (SS) named Linux Notes and glibc
Notes.
In Section 2, use the heading C library/kernel differences
to mark off notes that describe the differences (if any)
between the C library wrapper function for a system call
and the raw system call interface provided by the kernel.
CAVEATS
Warnings about typical user misuse of an API, that don't
constitute an API bug or design defect.
BUGS A list of limitations, known defects or inconveniences,
and other questionable activities.
EXAMPLES
One or more examples demonstrating how this function,
file, or command is used.
For details on writing example programs, see Example
programs below.
AUTHORS
A list of authors of the documentation or program.
Use of an AUTHORS section is strongly discouraged.
Generally, it is better not to clutter every page with a
list of (over time potentially numerous) authors; if you
write or significantly amend a page, add a copyright
notice as a comment in the source file. If you are the
author of a device driver and want to include an address
for reporting bugs, place this under the BUGS section.
REPORTING BUGS
The man-pages project doesn't use a REPORTING BUGS section
in manual pages. Information on reporting bugs is instead
supplied in the script-generated COLOPHON section.
However, various projects do use a REPORTING BUGS section.
It is recommended to place it near the foot of the page.
COPYRIGHT
The man-pages project doesn't use a COPYRIGHT section in
manual pages. Copyright information is instead maintained
in the page source. In pages where this section is
present, it is recommended to place it near the foot of
the page, just above SEE ALSO.
SEE ALSO
A comma-separated list of related man pages, possibly
followed by other related pages or documents.
The list should be ordered by section number and then
alphabetically by name. Do not terminate this list with a
period.
Where the SEE ALSO list contains many long manual page
names, to improve the visual result of the output, it may
be useful to employ the .ad l (don't right justify) and
.nh (don't hyphenate) directives. Hyphenation of
individual page names can be prevented by preceding words
with the string "\%".
Given the distributed, autonomous nature of FOSS projects
and their documentation, it is sometimes necessary—and in
many cases desirable—that the SEE ALSO section includes
references to manual pages provided by other projects.
The following subsections note some details for preferred
formatting and wording conventions in various sections of the
pages in the man-pages project.
SYNOPSIS
Wrap the function prototype(s) in a .nf/.fi pair to prevent
filling.
In general, where more than one function prototype is shown in
the SYNOPSIS, the prototypes should not be separated by blank
lines. However, blank lines (achieved using .P) may be added in
the following cases:
• to separate long lists of function prototypes into related
groups (see for example list(3));
• in other cases that may improve readability.
In the SYNOPSIS, a long function prototype may need to be
continued over to the next line. The continuation line is
indented according to the following rules:
(1) If there is a single such prototype that needs to be
continued, then align the continuation line so that when the
page is rendered on a fixed-width font device (e.g., on an
xterm) the continuation line starts just below the start of
the argument list in the line above. (Exception: the
indentation may be adjusted if necessary to prevent a very
long continuation line or a further continuation line where
the function prototype is very long.) As an example:
int tcsetattr(int fd, int optional_actions,
const struct termios *termios_p);
(2) But, where multiple functions in the SYNOPSIS require
continuation lines, and the function names have different
lengths, then align all continuation lines to start in the
same column. This provides a nicer rendering in PDF output
(because the SYNOPSIS uses a variable width font where
spaces render narrower than most characters). As an
example:
int getopt(int argc, char * const argv[],
const char *optstring);
int getopt_long(int argc, char * const argv[],
const char *optstring,
const struct option *longopts, int *longindex);
RETURN VALUE
The preferred wording to describe how errno is set is "errno is
set to indicate the error" or similar. This wording is
consistent with the wording used in both POSIX.1 and FreeBSD.
ATTRIBUTES
Note the following:
• Wrap the table in this section in a .ad l/.ad pair to disable
text filling and a .nh/.hy pair to disable hyphenation.
• Ensure that the table occupies the full page width through the
use of an lbx description for one of the columns (usually the
first column, though in some cases the last column if it
contains a lot of text).
• Make free use of T{/T} macro pairs to allow table cells to be
broken over multiple lines (also bearing in mind that pages
may sometimes be rendered to a width of less than 80 columns).
For examples of all of the above, see the source code of various
pages.
The following subsections describe the preferred style for the
man-pages project. For details not covered below, the Chicago
Manual of Style is usually a good source; try also grepping for
preexisting usage in the project source tree.
Use of gender-neutral language
As far as possible, use gender-neutral language in the text of
man pages. Use of "they" ("them", "themself", "their") as a
gender-neutral singular pronoun is acceptable.
Formatting conventions for manual pages describing commands
For manual pages that describe a command (typically in Sections 1
and 8), the arguments are always specified using italics, even in
the SYNOPSIS section.
The name of the command, and its options, should always be
formatted in bold.
Formatting conventions for manual pages describing functions
For manual pages that describe functions (typically in Sections 2
and 3), the arguments are always specified using italics, even in
the SYNOPSIS section, where the rest of the function is specified
in bold:
int myfunction(int argc, char **argv);
Variable names should, like argument names, be specified in
italics.
Any reference to the subject of the current manual page should be
written with the name in bold followed by a pair of parentheses
in Roman (normal) font. For example, in the fcntl(2) man page,
references to the subject of the page would be written as:
fcntl(). The preferred way to write this in the source file is:
.BR fcntl ()
(Using this format, rather than the use of "\fB...\fP()" makes it
easier to write tools that parse man page source files.)
Use semantic newlines
In the source of a manual page, new sentences should be started
on new lines, long sentences should be split into lines at clause
breaks (commas, semicolons, colons, and so on), and long clauses
should be split at phrase boundaries. This convention, sometimes
known as "semantic newlines", makes it easier to see the effect
of patches, which often operate at the level of individual
sentences, clauses, or phrases.
Lists
There are different kinds of lists:
Tagged paragraphs
These are used for a list of tags and their descriptions.
When the tags are constants (either macros or numbers)
they are in bold. Use the .TP macro.
An example is this "Tagged paragraphs" subsection is
itself.
Ordered lists
Elements are preceded by a number in parentheses (1), (2).
These represent a set of steps that have an order.
When there are substeps, they will be numbered like (4.2).
Positional lists
Elements are preceded by a number (index) in square
brackets [4], [5]. These represent fields in a set. The
first index will be:
0 When it represents fields of a C data structure, to
be consistent with arrays.
1 When it represents fields of a file, to be
consistent with tools like cut(1).
Alternatives list
Elements are preceded by a letter in parentheses (a), (b).
These represent a set of (normally) exclusive
alternatives.
Bullet lists
Elements are preceded by bullet symbols (\[bu]). Anything
that doesn't fit elsewhere is usually covered by this type
of list.
Numbered notes
Not really a list, but the syntax is identical to
"positional lists".
There should always be exactly 2 spaces between the list symbol
and the elements. This doesn't apply to "tagged paragraphs",
which use the default indentation rules.
Formatting conventions (general)
Paragraphs should be separated by suitable markers (usually
either .P or .IP). Do not separate paragraphs using blank lines,
as this results in poor rendering in some output formats (such as
PostScript and PDF).
Filenames (whether pathnames, or references to header files) are
always in italics (e.g., <stdio.h>), except in the SYNOPSIS
section, where included files are in bold (e.g., #include
<stdio.h>). When referring to a standard header file include,
specify the header file surrounded by angle brackets, in the
usual C way (e.g., <stdio.h>).
Special macros, which are usually in uppercase, are in bold
(e.g., MAXINT). Exception: don't boldface NULL.
When enumerating a list of error codes, the codes are in bold
(this list usually uses the .TP macro).
Complete commands should, if long, be written as an indented line
on their own, with a blank line before and after the command, for
example
man 7 man-pages
If the command is short, then it can be included inline in the
text, in italic format, for example, man 7 man-pages. In this
case, it may be worth using nonbreaking spaces (\~) at suitable
places in the command. Command options should be written in
italics (e.g., -l).
Expressions, if not written on a separate indented line, should
be specified in italics. Again, the use of nonbreaking spaces
may be appropriate if the expression is inlined with normal text.
When showing example shell sessions, user input should be
formatted in bold, for example
$ date
Thu Jul 7 13:01:27 CEST 2016
Any reference to another man page should be written with the name
in bold, always followed by the section number, formatted in
Roman (normal) font, without any separating spaces (e.g.,
intro(2)). The preferred way to write this in the source file
is:
.BR intro (2)
(Including the section number in cross references lets tools like
man2html(1) create properly hyperlinked pages.)
Control characters should be written in bold face, with no
quotes; for example, ^X.
Spelling
Starting with release 2.59, man-pages follows American spelling
conventions (previously, there was a random mix of British and
American spellings); please write all new pages and patches
according to these conventions.
Aside from the well-known spelling differences, there are a few
other subtleties to watch for:
• American English tends to use the forms "backward", "upward",
"toward", and so on rather than the British forms "backwards",
"upwards", "towards", and so on.
• Opinions are divided on "acknowledgement" vs "acknowledgment".
The latter is predominant, but not universal usage in American
English. POSIX and the BSD license use the former spelling.
In the Linux man-pages project, we use "acknowledgement".
BSD version numbers
The classical scheme for writing BSD version numbers is x.yBSD,
where x.y is the version number (e.g., 4.2BSD). Avoid forms such
as BSD 4.3.
Capitalization
In subsection ("SS") headings, capitalize the first word in the
heading, but otherwise use lowercase, except where English usage
(e.g., proper nouns) or programming language requirements (e.g.,
identifier names) dictate otherwise. For example:
.SS Unicode under Linux
Indentation of structure definitions, shell session logs, and so on
When structure definitions, shell session logs, and so on are
included in running text, indent them by 4 spaces (i.e., a block
enclosed by .in +4n and .in), format them using the .EX and .EE
macros, and surround them with suitable paragraph markers (either
.P or .IP). For example:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
return 0;
}
.EE
.in
.P
Preferred terms
The following table lists some preferred terms to use in man
pages, mainly to ensure consistency across pages.
Term Avoid using Notes
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
bit mask bitmask
built-in builtin
Epoch epoch For the UNIX
Epoch
(00:00:00, 1
Jan 1970 UTC)
filename file name
filesystem file system
hostname host name
inode i-node
lowercase lower case, lower-case
nonzero non-zero
pathname path name
pseudoterminal pseudo-terminal
privileged port reserved port, system
port
real-time realtime, real time
run time runtime
saved set-group-ID saved group ID, saved
set-GID
saved set-user-ID saved user ID, saved
set-UID
set-group-ID set-GID, setgid
set-user-ID set-UID, setuid
superuser super user, super-user
superblock super block, super-
block
symbolic link symlink
timestamp time stamp
timezone time zone
uppercase upper case, upper-case
usable useable
user space userspace
username user name
x86-64 x86_64 Except if
referring to
result of
"uname -m" or
similar
zeros zeroes
See also the discussion Hyphenation of attributive compounds
below.
Terms to avoid
The following table lists some terms to avoid using in man pages,
along with some suggested alternatives, mainly to ensure
consistency across pages.
Avoid Use instead Notes
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
32bit 32-bit same for 8-bit,
16-bit, etc.
current process calling process A common mistake
made by kernel
programmers when
writing man pages
manpage man page, manual
page
minus infinity negative infinity
non-root unprivileged user
non-superuser unprivileged user
nonprivileged unprivileged
OS operating system
plus infinity positive infinity
pty pseudoterminal
tty terminal
Unices UNIX systems
Unixes UNIX systems
Trademarks
Use the correct spelling and case for trademarks. The following
is a list of the correct spellings of various relevant trademarks
that are sometimes misspelled:
DG/UX
HP-UX
UNIX
UnixWare
NULL, NUL, null pointer, and null byte
A null pointer is a pointer that points to nothing, and is
normally indicated by the constant NULL. On the other hand, NUL
is the null byte, a byte with the value 0, represented in C via
the character constant '\0'.
The preferred term for the pointer is "null pointer" or simply
"NULL"; avoid writing "NULL pointer".
The preferred term for the byte is "null byte". Avoid writing
"NUL", since it is too easily confused with "NULL". Avoid also
the terms "zero byte" and "null character". The byte that
terminates a C string should be described as "the terminating
null byte"; strings may be described as "null-terminated", but
avoid the use of "NUL-terminated".
Hyperlinks
For hyperlinks, use the .UR/.UE macro pair (see groff_man(7)).
This produces proper hyperlinks that can be used in a web
browser, when rendering a page with, say:
BROWSER=firefox man -H pagename
Use of e.g., i.e., etc., a.k.a., and similar
In general, the use of abbreviations such as "e.g.", "i.e.",
"etc.", "cf.", and "a.k.a." should be avoided, in favor of
suitable full wordings ("for example", "that is", "and so on",
"compare to", "also known as").
The only place where such abbreviations may be acceptable is in
short parenthetical asides (e.g., like this one).
Always include periods in such abbreviations, as shown here. In
addition, "e.g." and "i.e." should always be followed by a comma.
Em-dashes
The way to write an em-dash—the glyph that appears at either end
of this subphrase—in *roff is with the macro "\[em]". (On an
ASCII terminal, an em-dash typically renders as two hyphens, but
in other typographical contexts it renders as a long dash.) Em-
dashes should be written without surrounding spaces.
Hyphenation of attributive compounds
Compound terms should be hyphenated when used attributively
(i.e., to qualify a following noun). Some examples:
32-bit value
command-line argument
floating-point number
run-time check
user-space function
wide-character string
Hyphenation with multi, non, pre, re, sub, and so on
The general tendency in modern English is not to hyphenate after
prefixes such as "multi", "non", "pre", "re", "sub", and so on.
Manual pages should generally follow this rule when these
prefixes are used in natural English constructions with simple
suffixes. The following list gives some examples of the
preferred forms:
interprocess
multithreaded
multiprocess
nonblocking
nondefault
nonempty
noninteractive
nonnegative
nonportable
nonzero
preallocated
precreate
prerecorded
reestablished
reinitialize
rearm
reread
subcomponent
subdirectory
subsystem
Hyphens should be retained when the prefixes are used in
nonstandard English words, with trademarks, proper nouns,
acronyms, or compound terms. Some examples:
non-ASCII
non-English
non-NULL
non-real-time
Finally, note that "re-create" and "recreate" are two different
verbs, and the former is probably what you want.
Generating optimal glyphs
Where a real minus character is required (e.g., for numbers such
as -1, for man page cross references such as utf-8(7), or when
writing options that have a leading dash, such as in ls -l), use
the following form in the man page source:
\-
This guideline applies also to code examples.
The use of real minus signs serves the following purposes:
• To provide better renderings on various targets other than
ASCII terminals, notably in PDF and on Unicode/UTF-8-capable
terminals.
• To generate glyphs that when copied from rendered pages will
produce real minus signs when pasted into a terminal.
To produce unslanted single quotes that render well in ASCII,
UTF-8, and PDF, use "\[aq]" ("apostrophe quote"); for example
\[aq]C\[aq]
where C is the quoted character. This guideline applies also to
character constants used in code examples.
Where a proper caret (^) that renders well in both a terminal and
PDF is required, use "\[ha]". This is especially necessary in
code samples, to get a nicely rendered caret when rendering to
PDF.
Using a naked "~" character results in a poor rendering in PDF.
Instead use "\[ti]". This is especially necessary in code
samples, to get a nicely rendered tilde when rendering to PDF.
Example programs and shell sessions
Manual pages may include example programs demonstrating how to
use a system call or library function. However, note the
following:
• Example programs should be written in C.
• An example program is necessary and useful only if it
demonstrates something beyond what can easily be provided in a
textual description of the interface. An example program that
does nothing other than call an interface usually serves
little purpose.
• Example programs should ideally be short (e.g., a good example
can often be provided in less than 100 lines of code), though
in some cases longer programs may be necessary to properly
illustrate the use of an API.
• Expressive code is appreciated.
• Comments should included where helpful. Complete sentences in
free-standing comments should be terminated by a period.
Periods should generally be omitted in "tag" comments (i.e.,
comments that are placed on the same line of code); such
comments are in any case typically brief phrases rather than
complete sentences.
• Example programs should do error checking after system calls
and library function calls.
• Example programs should be complete, and compile without
warnings when compiled with cc -Wall.
• Where possible and appropriate, example programs should allow
experimentation, by varying their behavior based on inputs
(ideally from command-line arguments, or alternatively, via
input read by the program).
• Example programs should be laid out according to Kernighan and
Ritchie style, with 4-space indents. (Avoid the use of TAB
characters in source code!) The following command can be used
to format your source code to something close to the preferred
style:
indent -npro -kr -i4 -ts4 -sob -l72 -ss -nut -psl prog.c
• For consistency, all example programs should terminate using
either of:
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
Avoid using the following forms to terminate a program:
exit(0);
exit(1);
return n;
• If there is extensive explanatory text before the program
source code, mark off the source code with a subsection
heading Program source, as in:
.SS Program source
Always do this if the explanatory text includes a shell
session log.
If you include a shell session log demonstrating the use of a
program or other system feature:
• Place the session log above the source code listing.
• Indent the session log by four spaces.
• Boldface the user input text, to distinguish it from output
produced by the system.
For some examples of what example programs should look like, see
wait(2) and pipe(2).
For canonical examples of how man pages in the man-pages package
should look, see pipe(2) and fcntl(2).
man(1), man2html(1), attributes(7), groff(7), groff_man(7),
man(7), mdoc(7)
This page is part of the man-pages (Linux kernel and C library
user-space interface documentation) project. Information about
the project can be found at
⟨https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/⟩. If you have a bug report
for this manual page, see
⟨https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/docs/man-pages/man-pages.git/tree/CONTRIBUTING⟩.
This page was obtained from the tarball man-pages-6.9.1.tar.gz
fetched from
⟨https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/⟩ on
2024-06-26. If you discover any rendering problems in this HTML
version of the page, or you believe there is a better or more up-
to-date source for the page, or you have corrections or
improvements to the information in this COLOPHON (which is not
part of the original manual page), send a mail to
man-pages@man7.org
Linux man-pages 6.9.1 2024-06-15 man-pages(7)
Pages that refer to this page: intro(1), man(1), libc(7)
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